All rights reserved.”
“Key points center dot Reducing free fatty acids in the circulation gives protection against muscle insulin resistance. center dot In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which free fatty acid reduction improves muscle insulin sensitivity. center dot The antilipolytic drug acipimox reduced the plasma concentration of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in insulin-resistant (obese GSK923295 manufacturer and type 2 diabetic) subjects. center dot The reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration caused by acipimox led to an improvement

in local inflammation and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. center dot The improvements in local inflammation and insulin signalling were more pronounced in obese type 2 diabetic subjects than obese

non-diabetic individuals, suggesting that diabetic subjects are more susceptible to the toxic effect of circulating free fatty acids. Abstract Free fatty acids (FFAs) have been implicated selleck chemical in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Reducing plasma FFA concentration in obese and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects improves insulin sensitivity. However, the molecular mechanism by which FFA reduction improves insulin sensitivity in human subjects is not fully understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological FFA reduction enhances insulin action by reducing local (muscle) inflammation, leading to improved insulin signalling. Insulin-stimulated total glucose disposal (TGD), plasma Vadimezan mw FFA species, muscle insulin signalling, IB protein, c-Jun phosphorylation, inflammatory gene (toll-like receptor 4 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1) expression, and ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG) content were measured in muscle from a group of obese and T2DM subjects before and after administration of the antilipolytic drug acipimox for 7 days, and the results were compared to lean individuals.

We found that obese and T2DM subjects had elevated saturated and unsaturated FFAs in plasma, and acipimox reduced all FFA species. Acipimox-induced reductions in plasma FFAs improved TGD and insulin signalling in obese and T2DM subjects. Acipimox increased IB protein (an indication of decreased IB kinase-nuclear factor B signalling) in both obese and T2DM subjects, but did not affect c-Jun phosphorylation in any group. Acipimox also decreased inflammatory gene expression, although this reduction only occurred in T2DM subjects. Ceramide and DAG content did not change. To summarize, pharmacological FFA reduction improves insulin signalling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects. This beneficial effect on insulin action could be related to a decrease in local inflammation. Notably, the improvements in insulin action were more pronounced in T2DM, indicating that these subjects are more susceptible to the toxic effect of FFAs.”
“Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication is highly sensitive to interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral responses.

Lymphocytic PRL gene expression was evaluated selleck chemicals llc by RT-PCR assay.\n\nResults\n\nThe median serum PRL levels of the 30 SLE patients was higher than the control group (9.65 (1.9-38.9) vs. 6.40 (2.4-10.3) ng/mL, p=0.03). A significant difference was detected between median serum PRL levels of active SLE, inactive SLE and controls (10.85 (5-38.9) vs. 7.65 (1.9-15.5) vs. 6.40 (2.4-10.3) ng/mL), p=0.01). The higher frequency of mild hyperprolactinemia was detected among

active SLE in comparison with inactive SLE and controls (7(38.9%) vs. 1 (8.3%) vs. 0(0%)), with statistical significance (p=0.02). Nb2 cells assay revealed uniformly low levels of lymphocytic PRL in active, inactive and control groups without statistical significance among them (24.2 (8-63) vs. 27 (13.6-82) vs. 29.5 (8-72) ng/mL), p=0.84). Furthermore, median lymphocytic PRL gene expression evaluated by RT-PCR assay was comparable in both active and inactive SLE groups (p=0.12).\n\nConclusion\n\nThis is the first study to exclude a lymphocytic source of PRL, pointing out a pituitary etiology for hyperprolactinemia in SLE.

However, other sources from the immune system cannot be ruled out.”
“Facial reconstruction is employed in the context of forensic investigation and for creating three-dimensional portraits of people from Ro-3306 order the past, from ancient Egyptian mummies and bog bodies to digital animations of J. S. Bach. This paper considers a facial reconstruction method (commonly known as the Manchester method) associated with the depiction and identification of

the deceased from skeletal remains. Issues of artistic licence selleck inhibitor and scientific rigour, in relation to soft tissue reconstruction, anatomical variation and skeletal assessment, are discussed. The need for artistic interpretation is greatest where only skeletal material is available, particularly for the morphology of the ears and mouth, and with the skin for an ageing adult. The greatest accuracy is possible when information is available from preserved soft tissue, from a portrait, or from a pathological condition or healed injury.”
“Background: Accumulation of filamentous alpha-synuclein as Lewy bodies is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. To identify the mechanisms involved in alpha-synuclein assembly and determine whether the assemblies are cytotoxic, we developed a cell model (3D5) that inducibly expresses wild-type human alpha-synuclein and forms inclusions that reproduce many morphological and biochemical characteristics of Lewy bodies. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of several histone deacetylase inhibitors on a alpha-synuclein aggregation in 3D5 cells and primary neuronal cultures. These drugs have been demonstrated to protect cells transiently overexpressing alpha-synuclein from its toxicity.\n\nResults: Contrary to transient transfectants, the drug treatment did not benefit 3D5 cells and primary cultures.

Quantitation was done using multiple reaction monitoring in the positive ionization mode. The linearity of the method was established in the concentration range 0.05-80 ng/mL. The mean extraction recovery was greater than 96% across QC levels, while intra- and inter batch accuracy and precision (% CV) values ranged from 97.4 to 101.9% and from 1.20 to 3.72% respectively. The relative matrix effect in eight different lots

of plasma samples, expressed as % CV for the calculated slopes of calibration curves was 1.08%. The stability of aripiprazole was studied under different storage conditions. The validated method was used to support a bioequivalence study of 10 mg aripiprazole formulation in 36 healthy Indian subjects. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Although echocardiography is used as a first line imaging modality, its accuracy to detect acute and chronic

selleck inhibitor myocardial infarction (MI) in relation to infarct characteristics as assessed with late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) is not well described.\n\nMethods: One-hundred-forty-one echocardiograms performed in 88 first acute ST-elevation MI (STEMI) patients, 2 (IQR1-4) days (n = 61) and 102 (IQR92-112) days post-MI (n = 80), were pooled with echocardiograms of 36 healthy controls. 61 acute and 80 chronic echocardiograms were available for analysis (53 patients had both acute and chronic echocardiograms). Two experienced echocardiographers, blinded to clinical and CMR data, randomly evaluated all 177 echocardiograms for segmental wall motion abnormalities AG-881 molecular weight (SWMA). This was compared with LGE-CMR determined infarct characteristics, performed 104 +/- 11 days post-MI. Enhancement on LGE-CMR matched the infarct-related artery territory in all patients (LAD 31%, LCx 12% and RCA 57%).\n\nResults: The sensitivity of echocardiography to detect acute MI was 78.7% and 61.3% for chronic MI; specificity was 80.6%. Undetected MI were smaller, less transmural, and less

extensive (6% [IQR3-12] vs. 15% [IQR9-24], 50 +/- 14% vs. 61 +/- 15%, 7 +/- 3 vs. 9 +/- 3 segments, p < 0.001 for all) and associated learn more with higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and non-anterior location as compared to detected MI (58 +/- 5% vs. 46 +/- 7%, p < 0.001 and 82% vs. 63%, p = 0.03). After multivariate analysis, LVEF and infarct size were the strongest independent predictors of detecting chronic MI (OR 0.78 [95% CI 0.68-0.88], p < 0.001 and OR 1.22 [95% CI0.99-1.51], p = 0.06, respectively). Increasing infarct transmurality was associated with increasing SWMA (p < 0.001).\n\nConclusions: In patients presenting with STEMI, and thus a high likelihood of SWMA, the sensitivity of echocardiography to detect SWMA was higher in the acute than the chronic phase.

We explore the view that transitional probabilities between elements of chunks, rather than frequencies of chunks, may be the primary factor in artificial grammar learning (AGL). The transitional

probability model (TPM) that we propose is argued to provide an adaptive ABT-263 and parsimonious strategy for encoding local regularities in order to induce sequential structure from an input set of exemplars of the grammar. In a variant of the AGL procedure, in which participants estimated the frequencies of bigrams occurring in a set of exemplars they had been exposed to previously, participants were shown to be more sensitive to local transitional probability information than to mere pattern frequencies.”
“Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances Y-89 spin magnetization by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude

and provides a way to monitor yttrium-ligand complexation “on the fly” by means of Y-89 NMR. In this communication, we show an example of free yttrium Y3+ being complexed with 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(acetamido)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DOTAM) to form [Y(DOTAM)(H2O)](3+) as a model for gadolinium in contrast agents.”
“Ali L, Cheney R, Merzianu M. Subclinical chronic lymphocytic leukemia with atypical cutaneous presentation.”
“Recent studies in patients with dilated Napabucasin price cardiomyopathy (DCM) have detected the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (BBSL) in endomyocardial selleck compound biopsy (EMB) specimens using a qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), suggesting a causal link between Lyme disease and DCM in areas in which Lyme disease is endemic. We aimed to study this relationship using a comprehensive molecular analysis detecting BBSL in EMB samples.\n\nWe performed a comprehensive histopathological,

immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular analysis targeting cardiotropic viruses and BBSL in EMB specimens of 41 individuals with recent-onset DCM and 15 controls with end-stage coronary artery disease. Specifically, quantitative PCR and electron microscopy of EMB specimens were employed. In addition, autoantibodies and manifestation of autoimmune diseases were evaluated in both groups. Individuals with recent-onset DCM presented more frequently with myocardial BBSL persistence as compared with the control group (24 vs. 0, P 0.035). In contrast, the prevalence of parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus was similar in both groups. Sequence analysis of borrelial DNA revealed the following genospecies: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in three patients (30), Borrelia afzelii in two patients (20), and Borrelia garinii in four patients (40), the results being inconclusive in one case. BBSL-positive DCM patients had a higher prevalence of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in comparison with the remaining DCM patients (50 vs. 16, P 0.030).

“
“Background: A significant proportion of road traffic crashes are attributable to alcohol and marijuana use while driving

globally. Sale and use of both substances is illegal in Pakistan and is not considered a threat for road traffic injuries. However literature hints that this may not be the case. We did this study to assess usage of alcohol and marijuana in Pakistani commercial drivers.\n\nMethods: A sample of 857 commercial bus and truck drivers was interviewed in October 2008 at the largest commercial vehicle station in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Time location cluster sampling was used to select the subjects and a structured questionnaire was used to assess the basic demographic profile, substance abuse habits of the

drivers while on the road, and reasons for usage of illicit substances while driving were recorded. Self reported information www.selleckchem.com/products/smoothened-agonist-sag-hcl.html was collected after obtaining informed consent. Chi square and fisher exact tests were used to assess differences between groups and logistic regression was used to identify significant associations between driver characteristics and alcohol and marijuana use.\n\nResults: Almost 10% of truck drivers use alcohol while driving on Pakistani roads. Marijuana use is almost 30% in some groups. Statistically different patterns of usage are seen between population subgroups based on age, ethnicity, education, and marital status. Regression analysis ACY-738 shows association of alcohol and marijuana use with road rage and error behaviours, and also with an increased risk of being involved in road crashes. The reported reasons for using alcohol or marijuana show a general lack of awareness of the hazardous nature of this practice among the commercial driver population.\n\nConclusion: Alcohol and marijuana

use is highly prevalent in Pakistani Mcl-1 apoptosis commercial drivers. The issue needs to be recognized by concerned authorities and methods such as random breath tests and sobriety check points need to be employed for proper law enforcement.”
“In this work, the ability of S-layer proteins from kefir-isolated Lactobacillus kefir strains to antagonize the cytophatic effects of toxins from Clostridium difficile (TcdA and TcdB) on eukaryotic cells in vitro was tested by cell detachment assay. S-layer proteins from eight different L kefir strains were able to inhibit the damage induced by C. difficile spent culture supernatant to Vero cells. Besides, same protective effect was observed by F-actin network staining. S-layer proteins from aggregating L kefir strains (CIDCA 83115, 8321, 8345 and 8348) showed a higher inhibitory ability than those belonging to non-aggregating ones (CIDCA 83111, 83113, JCM 5818 and ATCC 8007), suggesting that differences in the structure could be related to the ability to antagonize the effect of clostridial toxins. Similar results were obtained using purified TcdA and TcdB.

Therefore, it is advisable not to exceed doses of 5 mg/day of prednisone in chronic treatment. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide should be used in low-dose regimens. Antimalarials have a well-known protective role against infection, in addition to other beneficial properties, thus, hydroxychloroquine is recommended for all SLE patients where no contraindication exists.”
“Objectives:

To describe the implementation of a program for surgical education in laryngology.\n\nMethods: Items necessary to modify a temporal bone lab for laryngeal dissection purposes were identified, and costs to do so were Selleck CFTRinh172 calculated. The prices and availability of human and canine laryngeal specimens to be used for teaching purposes were then compared. Endoscopic and open laryngeal surgery were performed on canine larynges to determine suitability as a teaching model. A laryngeal dissection course with teaching objectives was created and instituted in an Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery residency training program.\n\nResults: Modifications to convert an existing GSK2126458 supplier temporal bone lab into a laryngeal dissection lab cost $7,425. Canine larynges were found to strongly resemble human larynges and were easily used in a teaching model. They were more easily acquired and less expensive than human larynges. A novel dissection approach was

created to maximize utility of a single cadaveric laryngeal specimen. Development of a laryngeal dissection manual facilitated a laryngeal dissection course.\n\nConclusions: A laryngeal dissection

educational course can be instituted with simple and relatively inexpensive modifications to an existing temporal bone laboratory Canine larynges can be substituted for human larynges for a substantial cost savings without educational compromise. The educational methods demonstrated can be easily https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html duplicated at other training sites.”
“Eight trials were carried out in 2011 and 2012 in Northern Italy to evaluate the efficacy of grafting, compost and biofumigation with Brassica carinata against Colletotrichum coccodes on tomato. Four trials were carried out in commercial farms, and four trials were carried out in plastic tunnels at an experimental centre. The rootstocks Armstrong’, Arnold’, Beaufort’, Big Power’, Brigeor’, Emperador’, King Kong’, Spirit’ and Superpro V295′ were tested. Host plants included several tomato F1 hybrids: Amantino’, Arawak’, CLX 37438′, Cauralina’, CU 8301′, CU 8506′, DRK 7021′, E 34431′, E 50070′, EXP’, Gotico’, Ingrid’, ISI 61401′, ISI 61402′, Profitto’, Punente’, Rugantino’ and Tomahawk’. Tomato roots from the control plots were 34 to 87% diseased in both naturally and artificially infested soil. Among the nineteen commercial tomato hybrids tested, in the presence of a very high disease pressure in a naturally infested soil, Rugantino’ was the least affected by C.coccodes, showing 32% infected roots.

1 and 67% in the case of seed number and by 27.2 and 57.8% in the case of 1000-seed weight, respectively. The seed yield MK-2206 order under the treatment of supplying 100% of PWR was 2.64 times greater than that under the treatment of supplying 33% of PWR and with the decrease in supplying PWR from 100 to 33%, plant height, stem diameter and head diameter decreased by 32, 21.9 and 30.8%, respectively. In addition, with the increase in N fertilizer level from 0 to 120 kg/ha, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, head diameter,

seed number/head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield significantly increased by 15.6, 14.4, 13.2, 17.1, 24.2, 13 and 49.1%, respectively. In total, on the basis of the results, the treatment of optimum irrigation and application of 120 kg N/ha can be recommended for realizing high productivity in sunflower cultivation under the conditions of the current study.”
“Current knowledge on the participation of angiopoietin-2

(Ang-2) in the inflammatory process and on the importance of bacterial endotoxins (LPS) in the induction of preterm delivery (PTD) led us to investigate the role of Ang-2/LPS interplay in the pathogenesis of PTD. At a first stage, Ang-2 was measured at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy in the serum of 50 women who delivered prematurely; of 88 women well-matched for age and parity who delivered full-term; and selleck kinase inhibitor of 20 non-pregnant healthy women. Ang-2 was greater in pregnant than in non-pregnant women. The time until delivery was shorter among those with Ang-2 greater than 4 ng/ml (odds ratio for delivery until week 34; p: 0.040). To further investigate the role of Ang-2 for PTD, an experimental model of PTD induced by the intraperitoneal injection of LPS in mice was used. Ang-2 was administered intraperitoneally before LPS on day 14 of pregnancy. When Ang-2 was administered

before the LPS diluent, all mice delivered full-term. However, administration of Ang-2 prior LPS accelerated further the time until delivery. Sacrifice experiments showed that the effect of Ang-2 selleck screening library was accompanied by decrease of the penetration of Evans Blue in the embryos and by increase of its penetration in maternal tissues. In parallel, the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the maternal circulation, in fetal tissues and in the placentas was significantly decreased. Results indicate that Ang-2 accelerated the phenomena of PTD induced by LPS. This is related with deprivation of fetal perfusion.”
“Aims: This paper aims to systematically review studies on the prevalence of gambling disorder among older adults aged 60 years and above and to summarize the evidence on the determinants, risk factors as well as the comorbidities associated with it Methods: A systematic search was conducted for peer-reviewed, journal articles between 1st January 1995 and 1st May 2013.

However, some amateur golfers look in the direction that the ball travels at the beginning of their follow-through. It is hypothesized that this rapid disproportionate head rotation produces VA elongation and distortion, mainly at the C2 level, causing stenosis or occlusion of the artery.”
“Though much progress has been

made in the development of anti-tumor chemotherapeutic agents, Cilengitide manufacturer refractoriness is still a major clinical difficulty because little is known about the non-autonomous mechanisms involved. Abnormal capillary structures in tumors, for example, are well documented, but a thorough characterization of microcirculation, including functional consequences with particular regard to drug delivery and intratumor accumulation, is still required for many kinds of tumor. In this review, we highlight how use of synthesized nanoparticles, themselves a product of emerging nanotechnology, are beginning to open up new perspectives in understanding the functional and therapeutic consequences of capillary structure within tumors. Furthermore, nanoparticles

promise exciting new clinical applications. I also stress the urgent necessity of developing clinically relevant tumor models, both in vivo and in vitro. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“A biological complex organism is involuntarily guided from all sides by measure and regulation systems. The human being is such a complex organism. Many cyclical processes are simultaneously at work, making it unclear how and why which process takes place VX-770 cost at which moment. Noticeable examples are the 28-day menstrual cycle and the 40-week pregnancy. The time of activation in the middle of the menstrual is fairly clear. Hormonal changes also occur in this period. Why the hormonal changes occur, and what their relationship is with the activation of the processes is unclear. That is also the case during pregnancies. What is it that determines that a pregnancy should last an average of 40 weeks? What causes the changes in a complicated selleck products pregnancy? What are those changes?

Prostaglandin concentrations have been found to have some relationship with these changes, but the activation of these changes and how to examine them is unknown. Using an example from practical experience, this article illustrates what Horrobin and Manku already reported in 1977, namely, the properties of prostaglandin El and 6-keto pgF1 alpha: reversal effect with elevated concentration. The properties described is exceptionally suitable for the time of activation in a biochemically regulated measure and regulation system. These properties can help explain the occurrence of physiological cycles. The known electronic saw-tooth wave has a biochemical analogue with this. This paper describes the presumed relationship between hormones and the accompanying prostaglandins with the hormone effects based on what is known regarding their concentrations progress.

Materials and Methods: Occlusion of the IIA was performed in 32 patients (aged 74 +/- 8 years) using coils (N = 17) or the AVP 11 (N = 15). We retrospectively compared procedural data, initial success, and clinical outcome in a 12-month follow-up. Results: Occlusion was successful in all patients without detection of an endoleak after 12 months. Procedure time buy FK866 and fluoroscopy time for coils versus

plugs were 77 +/- 35 versus 43 +/- 13 minutes and 36 +/- 19 versus 18 +/- 8 minutes, respectively (P < .003). Incidence of initial buttock claudication (BC) for coils versus plugs was 47% versus 27% and was significantly more severe after coil occlusion (P = .03). After a 12-month follow-up, 2 patients of each group reported of mild BC. Conclusion: Occlusion of the IIA is safe and effective using coils or plugs. Initial BC is significantly more severe

when coils are used, but after a 12-month follow-up, there is no significant difference. Using a plug is associated with a significant reduction of procedure time and radiation exposure.”
“Background: The understanding of RNA structure is a key feature toward the comprehension of RNA functions and mechanisms of action. In particular, non-coding RNAs are thought to exert their functions by specific secondary structures, but an efficient BTK inhibitor annotation on a large scale of these structures is still missing. Results: By using a novel high-throughput method, named chemical inference of RNA structures, CIRS-seq, that uses dimethyl sulfate, and N-cyclohexyl- N’-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate to modify RNA residues in single-stranded Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor conformation within native deproteinized RNA secondary structures, we investigate the structural features of mouse embryonic stem cell transcripts. Our analysis reveals

an unexpected higher structuring of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions compared to the coding regions, a reduced structuring at the Kozak sequence and stop codon, and a three-nucleotide periodicity across the coding region of messenger RNAs. We also observe that ncRNAs exhibit a higher degree of structuring with respect to protein coding transcripts. Moreover, we find that the Lin28a binding protein binds selectively to RNA motifs with a strong preference toward a single stranded conformation. Conclusions: This work defines for the first time the complete RNA structurome of mouse embryonic stem cells, revealing an extremely distinct RNA structural landscape. These results demonstrate that CIRS-seq constitutes an important tool for the identification of native deproteinized RNA structures.”
“Data on 5,435 lambs pertaining to 166 rams of Rambouillet and their crosses over the 13 years (1998-2010) at Government Sheep Breeding and Research Farm, Reasi, Jammu, were studied.

MethodsOutcomes were incidence of depression and/or anxiety, severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms and quality-adjusted life years. Health-care utilisation was measured during interviews. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing cost and effect data. Uncertainty Selleckchem PD98059 around cost differences

and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios was estimated using bootstrapping. Cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves were created. ResultsThe incidence of depression and anxiety combined in the intervention group was not reduced in comparison with the usual care group. There was also no effect on the other outcomes. Mean total costs in the intervention group were Euro838 higher than in the usual care group, but this difference was not statistically significant (95% confidence BI 6727 price interval, -593 to 2420). Cost-effectiveness

planes showed that there was considerable uncertainty. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves showed that the maximum probability of the intervention being cost-effective in comparison with usual care was 0.46 for reducing the incidence of depression and anxiety combined. ConclusionA stepped care programme to prevent depression and anxiety in older people living in elderly homes was not considered cost-effective in comparison with usual care. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Collectively, pediatric low-grade selleck inhibitor gliomas account for most brain tumors reported in children. Surgery is typically curable for operable lesions. However, more effective therapies are required for inaccessible

tumors, both to overcome refractory disease and to minimize the toxicity associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. Recent years have witnessed rapid improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of several childhood tumors, including low-grade gliomas. As a result, several novel compounds targeting and inhibiting critical components of molecular signaling pathways purported to be over-active in the disease have been developed. This article summarizes the most recent literature evaluating such novel targeted agents in childhood low-grade gliomas.”
“It has been argued that globalization in human-mediated dispersal of species breaks down biogeographic boundaries, yet empirical tests are still missing. We used data on native and alien ranges of terrestrial gastropods to analyze dissimilarities in species composition among 56 globally distributed regions. We found that native ranges confirm the traditional biogeographic realms, reflecting natural dispersal limitations. However, the distributions of gastropods after human transport are primarily explained by the prevailing climate and, to a smaller extent, by distance and trade relationships.