Here, we find that Xenopus Wave1, previously characterized as a protein involved in actin cytoskeleton organization, is present in the oocyte nucleus and is required SB431542 order for efficient transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, Wave1 knockdown in embryos results in abnormal development and defective hox gene activation. Nuclear Wave1 binds by its WHD domain to active transcription

components, and this binding contributes to the action of RNA polymerase II. We identify Wave1 as a maternal reprogramming factor that also has a necessary role in gene activation in development.”
“The development of multicellular animals is initially controlled by maternal gene products deposited in the oocyte. During the maternal-to-zygotic transition, transcription of zygotic genes commences, and developmental control starts to be regulated by zygotic

gene products. In Drosophila, the transcription factor Zelda Obeticholic concentration specifically binds to promoters of the earliest zygotic genes and primes them for activation. It is unknown whether a similar regulation exists in other animals. We found that zebrafish Pou5f1, a homolog of the mammalian pluripotency transcription factor Oct4, occupies SOX-POU binding sites before the onset of zygotic transcription and activates the earliest zygotic genes. Our data position Pou5f1 and SOX-POU sites at the center of the zygotic gene activation network of vertebrates and provide a link between zygotic click here gene activation and pluripotency control.”
“Intraflagellar transport (IFT) of ciliary precursors such as tubulin from the cytoplasm to the ciliary tip is involved in the construction of the cilium, a hairlike organelle found on most eukaryotic cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of IFT are poorly understood. Here, we found that the two core IFT proteins IFT74 and IFT81 form a tubulin-binding module and mapped the interaction to a calponin homology domain of IFT81 and a highly basic domain in IFT74. Knockdown of IFT81 and rescue experiments with point mutants showed that tubulin binding by IFT81 was required for ciliogenesis in human cells.”
“MraY (phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide

translocase) is an integral membrane enzyme that catalyzes an essential step of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis: the transfer of the peptidoglycan precursor phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide to the lipid carrier undecaprenyl phosphate. MraY has long been considered a promising target for the development of antibiotics, but the lack of a structure has hindered mechanistic understanding of this critical enzyme and the enzyme superfamily in general. The superfamily includes enzymes involved in bacterial lipopolysaccharide/teichoic acid formation and eukaryotic N-linked glycosylation, modifications that are central in many biological processes. We present the crystal structure of MraY from Aquifex aeolicus (MraY(AA)) at 3.

Synthesis of other compounds like toxic lipodepsipeptide, siderophores, and HCN was also confirmed by appropriate biochemical tests.

Conclusion: Characterization of strain Psd by various biochemical/plate tests followed by chromatographic identification of antibiotics, demonstrates its multifunctional biocontrol property. Response regulator gene gacA provides an additional genetic marker for the phylogenetic studies.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Ps. fluorescens

see more strain Psd with its multifunctional biocontrol property can be used to bioprotect the crop plants from phytopathogens.”
“Aims: The interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and Listeria monocytogenes have not been sufficiently documented to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of Diclofenac (Dc) in a murine listerial infection model.

Methods and Results: Dc was administered orally at 2.5 mu g g(-1) to female albino strain of laboratory mouse (BALB/c) thrice postinfection (1 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) oral challenge with L. monocytogenes ATCC 51774), which resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bacterial counts in liver and spleen, decreased (10-fold, P < 0.05) hepatic PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 mw colonization and necrosis, and caused up-regulation of

the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha), compared with drug-free control.

Conclusions: Dc may be useful as a promising adjuvant to the existing therapies in controlling systemic listerial infection. Further, quantitative structure-activity relationship studies might contribute in manipulating it as a lead

compound for the synthesis of new, more effective nonantibiotics, perhaps, devoid of side-effects that could be recommended as a compassionate therapy for listeriosis.

Significance and Impact of the study: This is the first in vivo study designed to evaluate the antilisterial effect of the NSAID Dc with special emphasis on the immunological mechanism of action of the drug.”
“Aims: To select a carotenoid-hyperproducing mutant and to formulate pineapple juice as a carotenoid production medium.

Methods and Results: Pritelivir chemical structure Yeast strain of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutant GM 807 (derived from gamma irradiation) and the mutant n78 (from neutron irradiation) were selected based on higher carotenoid production in diluted pineapple juice as a medium. The selected strain was evaluated under various concentrations of pineapple juice. The results obtained in the study demonstrate that the mutant GM 807 enhanced production by 65.8% when using pineapple juice as medium at 10% dilution in place of yeast malt medium.

Conclusion: Pineapple juice could be used as a sole medium for carotenoid production.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Our results provide useful information for the design of production media for carotenoids to be used in various applications.

We reviewed the 24 papers published on human neurobehavioural effects of organophosphorus

and/or carbamates pesticides Akt inhibitor up to May 1 st 2008. Variables evaluated were compound/s addressed, number of subjects, approach to measure or estimate exposure, characteristics of control groups and presence of confounders, methodological approach, and type of alteration, taking into account cognitive, sensory-motor, psychological, and psychomotor measures. A total of 6 papers considered the whole spectrum of functions, the studies yielding positive or uncertain results were 13 (68%) for cognitive function, 11 (69%) for psychomotor function, 11 (65%) for sensory-motor function, and 11 (65%) for psychological function impairment. In 46% of the positive studies a previous severe acute Ruboxistaurin in vitro poisoning was reported. Exposure levels were measured only in 5 studies, and very often there were problems in the selection of controls, and firm conclusions on the risk of neurobehavioural effects cannot be reached yet. The main limits of the available data are: limited number of studies and compounds addressed, significant differences in the approach among studies, poor concordance of the results of different studies, and difficulties in controlling confounding factors. Nevertheless, there are sufficient data to conclude that neurobehavioural impairment

might be the consequence of an acute poisoning, and possibly the consequence of relatively high and prolonged exposures. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In order to evaluate the persistency of the association between DDE and infant neurodevelopment we assessed mental and psychomotor development between 12 and 30 months of age in GANT61 mw an ongoing cohort in Mexico.

A total of 270 singleton children without perinatal asphyxia diagnosis, with a birth weight >= 2 kg, mothers > 15 years of age with organochlorine maternal serum levels measured at least in one trimester of pregnancy, and who were evaluated at least in two of the four visits

at 12,18,24 and 30 months of age, were included in this report. The Spanish version of Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II; Bayley, 1993) was administered to the children and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) and Mental Development Index (MDI) were calculated. information about stimulation at home was measured using the Home Observation of Measurement of the Environment (HOME) at 6 months, and breastfeeding history was obtained through direct interviews with the mothers.

Maternal serum DDE levels were determined during pregnancy by means of electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The association between DDE prenatal exposure and neurodevelopment was estimated using separate generalized mixed effects models.

These [Na+](i) transients are controlled by

multiple Na+-permeable channels and Na+-dependent transporters; spatiotemporally organized [Na+](i) dynamics in turn regulate diverse astroglial homeostatic responses such as metabolic/signaling utilization of lactate and glutamate, transmembrane transport of neurotransmitters and K+ buffering. In particular, near-membrane [Na+](i) transients determine the rate VE-821 chemical structure and the direction of the transmembrane transport of GABA and Ca2+. We discuss here the role of Na+ in the regulation of various systems that mediate fast bidirectional communication between neurones and glia at the single synapse level.”
“Probably the most unusual class of proteins in nature is the intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs), because they are not structured yet play essential roles in protein-protein signaling. Many IUPs can bind

different proteins, and in many cases, adopt different bound conformations. The p21 protein is a small IUP (164 residues) that is ubiquitous in cellular signaling, for example, cell cycle control, apoptosis, Q-VD-Oph transcription, differentiation, and so forth; it binds to approximately 25 targets. How does this small, unstructured protein recognize each of these targets with high affinity? Here, we characterize residual structural elements of the C-terminal segment of p21 encompassing residues 145-164 using a combination of NMR measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. The N-terminal half of the peptide has a significant helical propensity which is recognized by calmodulin while the C-terminal half of the peptide prefers extended conformations that facilitate binding to the

proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Our results suggest that the final bound conformations of p21 (145-164) pre-exist in the free peptide even without its binding partners. While the conformational flexibility of the p21 peptide is essential for adapting to diverse binding environments, the intrinsic structural preferences of the free peptide enable promiscuous yet high affinity binding to a diverse array of molecular targets.”
“Among serotonin (5-HT) receptors, the 5-HT3 receptor is the only ligand-gated ion-channel. Little is known about the interaction between the 5-HT3 receptor and other 5-HT receptors and influence of 5-HT3 chronic activation on other 5-HT receptors and AZD1480 nmr the expression of key genes of 5-HT system. Chronic activation of 5-HT3 receptor with intracerebroventricularly administrated selective agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride (m-CPBG) (14 days, 40 nmol, i.c.v.) produced significant desensitization of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors. The hypothermic responses produced by acute administration of selective agonist of 5-HT3 receptor (m-CPBG, 40 nmol, i.c.v.) or selective agonist of 5-HT1A receptor (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin)(8-OH-DPAT, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) was significantly lower in m-CPBG treated mice compared with the mice of control groups.

In addition, there are still neural progenitors in SVZ until early adulthood. NeuroReport 24:381-387 (C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. NeuroReport 2013, 24:381-387″
“MIP-T3 (microtubule-interacting protein associated with TRAF3) is a microtubule-interacting protein that evolutionarily conserved from worms to humans, but whose cellular functions remains unknown. To get insight into the functions of MIP-T3, we set out to identify MIP-T3 interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and MS

analysis. As the results, a total of 34 proteins were identified and most of them were novel MIP-T3 putative partners. The MIP-T3-associated proteins could be grouped into nine clusters based on their molecule functions, including cytoskeleton, chaperone, Selleckchem AZD1080 nucleic acid binding, kinase and so on. Three MIP-T3-interacted proteins – actin, HSPA8 and tubulin were further confirmed by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitations and GSK461364 cell line colocalization analysis. The interaction of MIP-T3 with both actin filaments and microtubule suggested that MIP-T3 may play an important role in regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics in cells. Our results therefore not only uncover a large number of MIP-T3-associated proteins that possess a variety of cellular functions, but also provide new research directions for the study of the functions of

MIP-T3.”
“Objective: The underlying causes of abdominal aortic Milciclib aneurysms (AAAs) remain obscure, although research tools such as the angiotensin II (Ang II) apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mouse model have aided investigations. Longitudinal imaging and determination of biomechanical forces in this small-scale model have been difficult. We hypothesized that high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy combined with speckle-tracking analytical strategies can be used to define the role of circumferential mechanical strain in AAA formation in the Ang II/apoE(-/-) mouse model of AAAs. We simultaneously examined dietary perturbations that might impact the biomechanical properties

of the aortic wall, hypothesizing that the generalized inflammatory phenotype associated with diet-induced obesity would be associated with accelerated loss of circumferential strain and aneurysmal aortic degeneration.

Methods: Receiving either a 60 kcal% fat Western diet or standard 10 kcal% fat normal chow, Ang II-treated apoE(-/-) mice (n = 34) underwent sequential aortic duplex ultrasound scan imaging (Vevo 2100 System; VisualSonics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) of their entire aorta. Circumferential strains were calculated using speckle-tracking algorithms and a custom MatLab analysis.

Results: Decreased strains in all aortic locations after just 3 days of Ang II treatment were observed, and this effect progressed during the 4-week observation period.

One retrospective study, which included near-infrared spectroscopy and other intraoperative measures of cerebral perfusion, demonstrated a decrease in neurologic dysfunction using this combination of monitors. Three small studies were able to correlate near-infrared spectroscopy with other clinical and radiologic findings.

Conclusions: Many centers,

and even entire countries, have adopted near-infrared spectroscopy as standard of care. The available data suggest that multimodality monitoring, including near-infrared spectroscopy, may be a useful adjunct. The current literature on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy alone, however, does not demonstrate improvement in neurologic outcome. The data correlating near-infrared spectroscopy Amino acid transporter findings with indirect measures of neurologic outcome or mortality are limited. Although near-infrared Pictilisib datasheet spectroscopy

has promise for measuring regional tissue oxygen saturation, the lack of data demonstrating improved outcomes limits the support for widespread implementation.”
“Objective: This study evaluated long-term results of radiofrequency ablation for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer.

Methods: Thirty-one consecutive patients with biopsy-proven non-small cell lung cancer underwent 38 treatments of computed tomographically guided radiofrequency ablation in a 4.5-year period. All patients were carefully selected and deemed medically ineligible for resection by a multidisciplinary team. Radiofrequency ablation was performed with curative intent with a single or cluster cool-tip electrode. Patients were hospitalized for 23-hour observation.

Results: Treatment was complete in all cases, with no 30-day mortality. Local recurrence was confirmed radiographically by computed tomography, positron emission tomography, or both after 31.5% of treatments (12/38). Two patients were successfully retreated for technical failures related to pneumothorax;

3 underwent radiotherapy with stable disease. Mean maximal diameter of 38 tumors treated was 2.0 +/- 1.0 cm ( range 0.8-4.4 cm). After median follow-up of 17 +/- 11 months, 74% of patients (23/31) were alive. Three patients died of metastatic disease; 5 died of pneumonia remote from treatment. The 2- and 4-year survivals were 78% and 47%, respectively. Median overall MLN2238 nmr survival was 30 months. Pneumothorax (13%), pneumonia (16%), and pleural effusion (21%), were the most common complications.

Conclusions: Radiofrequency ablation of medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer in carefully selected patients yields encouraging midterm results without significant loss of pulmonary function. Local tumor progression appears related to lung tumors larger than 3 cm. Computed tomography and positron emission tomography need further validation for the early identification of local tumor progression following radiofrequency ablation.

Ketamine, both acutely (0.5-5.0 mg/kg i.p.) and chronically (0.5-2.5 mg/kg daily for 10 days) resulted in a dose-dependent and prolonged decrease in immobility in FST in WKY rats only, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect in this model. Chronic treatment with an effective dose of ketamine also

resulted in an increase in AMPA/NMDA receptor density ratio in the hippocampus of WKY rats. LMA was not affected by any ketamine treatment in either strain. These results indicate a rapid and lasting antidepressant-like effect www.selleckchem.com/products/Raltegravir-(MK-0518).html of a low ketamine dose in WKY rat model of depression. Moreover, the increase in AMPA/NMDA receptor density in the hippocampus could be a contributory factor to behavioral effects of ketamine. These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefit in simultaneous reduction of central NMDA and elevation of AMPA receptor function in treatment of depression. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2-3% of the population and is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions), typically performed in response to obsessions or related anxiety. In the past few decades, the prevailing models of OCD pathophysiology

have focused on cortico-striatal circuitry. More recent neuroimaging evidence, however, points to critical involvement of the lateral PS-341 mouse and medial orbitofrontal cortices, YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 mw the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and amygdalo-cortical circuitry, in addition to cortico-striatal circuitry, in the pathophysiology of the disorder. In this review, we elaborate proposed features of OCD pathophysiology beyond the classic parallel cortico-striatal pathways and argue that this evidence suggests that fear extinction, in addition to behavioral inhibition, is impaired in OCD.”
“Purpose: Congenital obstructive uropathy can lead to end stage renal disease. Progression to end stage renal disease in childhood is well described but long-term prognosis in adulthood has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study

we evaluated the risk of end stage renal disease in patients with posterior urethral valves.

Materials and Methods: During 1953 to 2003 a total of 200 male patients were treated for posterior urethral valves at our institution and of these 193 could be followed for renal outcome. Followup data on patients treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation were collected from patient records and the Finnish Kidney Transplantation Registry, and data on deceased patients were collected from hospital records and the Finnish Population Register Centre.

Results: Median patient age at evaluation was 31 years (range 6 to 69). Of the 193 patients followed 44 (22.8%) had progression to end stage renal disease. According to a Kaplan-Meier analysis the lifetime risk of end stage renal disease was 28.5% (SE 3.8%). No patient had end stage renal disease after the age of 34 years.

Methods We undertook a meta-analysis of individual records of diabetes, fasting blood glucose concentration, and other risk factors in people without initial vascular disease from studies in the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. We combined within-study regressions that selleck were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and body-mass index to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for vascular disease.

Findings Analyses included data for 698 782 people (52765

non-fatal or fatal vascular outcomes; 8.49 million person-years at risk) from 102 prospective studies. Adjusted HRs with diabetes were: 2.00 (95% CI 1.83-2.19) for coronary heart disease; 2.27 (1.95-2.65) for ischaemic stroke; 1.56 (1.19-2.05) for haemorrhagic stroke; 1.84 (1.59-2.13) for unclassified stroke; and 1.73 (1.51-1.98) for the aggregate of other vascular deaths. HRs did not change appreciably after further adjustment for lipid, inflammatory, or renal markers. HRs for coronary heart disease were higher in women than in men, at 40-59 years than at 70 years and older, and with fatal than with non-fatal disease. At an adult population-wide prevalence of 10%, PX-478 diabetes was estimated to account for 11% (10-12%) of vascular deaths. Fasting blood glucose concentration was non-linearly related to vascular risk, with no significant associations between 3.90 mmol/L and 5.59 mmol/L. Compared with fasting blood glucose

concentrations of 3.90-5.59 mmol/L, HRs for coronary heart disease were: 1.07 (0.97-1.18) for lower than 3.90 mmol/L; 1.11 (1.04-1.18) for 5.60-6-09 mmol/L; and 1.17 (1.08-1.26) for 6.10-6.99 mmol/L. In people without a history of diabetes, information about fasting blood glucose concentration or impaired fasting glucose status did not significantly improve metrics of vascular disease prediction when added to information about several conventional risk factors.

Interpretation Diabetes confers about a two-fold excess Microbiology inhibitor risk for a wide range of vascular diseases, independently from other conventional risk factors.

In people without diabetes, fasting blood glucose concentration is modestly and nonlinearly associated with risk of vascular disease.”
“Anecdotally, it has been reported that individuals with acquired prosopagnosia compensate for their inability to recognize faces by using other person identity cues such as hair, gait or the voice. Are they therefore superior at the use of non-face cues, specifically voices, to person identity? Here, we empirically measure person and object identity recognition in a patient with acquired prosopagnosia and object agnosia. We quantify person identity (face and voice) and object identity (car and horn) recognition for visual, auditory, and bimodal (visual and auditory) stimuli. The patient is unable to recognize faces or cars, consistent with his prosopagnosia and object agnosia, respectively. He is perfectly able to recognize people’s voices and car horns and bimodal stimuli.

We report the current status of embryonic kidney culture, discussing issues such as the appropriate culture conditions and methods, histological results, values of and limitations to the different techniques used today. To optimize this system in vitro for the benefit of future studies we focused our efforts on evaluating and developing a new durable 3-dimensional organ culture system using a uniquely modified approach.

Materials

and Methods: Metanephric kidneys were microdissected from the embryos of timed pregnant WT C57BL/C6 mice on days 12 to 16 of gestation (embryonic days 12 to 16). Novel perfusion channels were created in the harvested embryonic kidneys before placing them in culture. Embryonic kidneys were placed on a 0.4 mu m pore size Transwell (R) membrane, cultured in base medium at a medium gas interphase and incubated

at 37C with fully humidified 5% CO2. Histological and immunocytochemical Mdivi1 analysis was performed to evaluate for signs of necrosis, and the structural integrity and functionality of organs during culture.

Results: We confirmed histologically that our organ culture system was capable of maintaining normal kidney structures significantly longer (mean 10 days) than previously reported standard protocols. Condensation and aggregation of the metanephric mesenchyma at the tips of the ureteral bud were observed, including the formation of well developed nephrons and glomeruli without evidence of necrosis. Organ maturation occurred in a developmentally appropriate

centrifugal pattern and the expression selleck products of key regulatory factors was demonstrated.

Conclusions: Our in vitro model replicates Q-VD-Oph solubility dmso closely the in vivo processes involved in normal kidney development. We also present what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a durable 3-dimensional kidney culture system reported in the literature. This system may represent an uncomplicated method for in vitro kidney culture that we hope will serve as an effective adjunct to research focused on signaling pathways, development and regeneration as applied to the kidney.”
“The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS), which is synthesized in glial cells, plays a significant role in learning and memory performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of expression of the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1a, which catalyzes the conversion of pregnenolone to PREGS, using the rat C6 glioma cell line. Rat C6 glioma cells expressed the SULT2B1a isoform, which sulfonates pregnenolone, but, neither the SULT2131b isoform, which catalyzes cholesterol, nor the prototypical steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 were expressed in these cells. Increasing concentrations of L-glutamic acid in the presence of cyclothiazide, which prevents AMPA receptor desensitization, attenuated SULT2B1a mRNA expression; however, neither NMDA nor kainic acid had a significant effect.

These studies indicate that overexpression of chemokines, although important in controlling virus infection, may not always be beneficial to the host.”
“The early steps of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle are still poorly understood. Indeed, neither the virus receptor at the cell surface nor the mechanism by which nucleocapsids are delivered to the cytosol of infected cells has been identified. Extensive mutagenesis studies in pre-S1, pre-S2, and most of the S domain of envelope proteins revealed the presence of

two regions GW3965 order essential for HBV infectivity: the 77 first residues of the pre-S1 domain and a conformational motif in the antigenic loop of the S domain. In addition, at the N-terminal extremity of the S domain, a putative fusion peptide, partially overlapping the first transmembrane (TM1) domain and preceded by a PEST sequence likely containing several proteolytic cleavage sites, was identified. Since no mutational analysis of these two motifs potentially implicated in the fusion process was performed, we decided to investigate the ability of viruses bearing contiguous deletions or substitutions in the putative fusion peptide and PEST sequence to infect HepaRG cells. By introducing the mutations either in

the L and M proteins or in the S protein, we demonstrated the following: (i) that in the TM1 domain of the L protein, three hydrophobic clusters of four residues PD173074 were necessary for infectivity; (ii) that the same clusters were critical for S protein expression; and, finally, (iii) that the PEST sequence was dispensable for both assembly and infection processes.”
“Accumulating evidence has implicated glutamatergic systems in psychiatric disorders. Abnormalities in glutamatergic systems have consistently been identified in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Marble-burying behavior has been described in literature as a potentially useful

buy Bafilomycin A1 measure for modeling OCD in mice. However. involvement of glutamatergic systems in marble-burying behavior has largely remained unexplored. Here, the effects of an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor potentiator, CX546, and an NR2B subunit-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, Ro25-6981, were examined using a marble-burying test. Treatment with highest dose (30.0 mg/kg) of CX546 significantly inhibited the marble-burying behavior. Moreover, treatment with Ro25-6981 also significantly reduced the marble-burying behavior. In contrast, both drugs did not affect locomotor activity in mice. The present results suggest that glutamatergic systems might be related to marble-burying behavior.