A single asterisk (*) indicates differences observed between groups that were ≥2.5% for events with an incidence ≥2.5% in both groups or ≥2-fold for events with an incidence <2.5% in one or both groups (calculations were made using the number of patients [no rounding]; in the event of a null value for one treatment, only situations where ≥2 cases were observed in the other treatment group are indicated); the symbol is placed to the right of the value observed for the drug in disfavor. A double asterisk (**) indicates differences

observed between treatment groups according to the same rule and where the number of patients experiencing an event was ≥10 in either group; the symbols are placed to the right of the www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html value observed for the drug in disfavor Table VI shows the incidences of SADRs in the combined double-blind and open-label studies, stratified by administration route. These were low considering the number of patients treated (oral: moxifloxacin 0.6% versus

comparator 0.5%; intravenous/oral: moxifloxacin 2.8% BMN 673 mouse versus comparator 1.9%; intravenous: moxifloxacin 1.0% versus comparator 0.8%). In the oral population, the incidences of SADRs within each SOC were similar between the treatment groups, with no individual SADR occurring at an incidence >0.15% https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html in either the moxifloxacin or the comparator groups. In the intravenous/oral population, the SOCs associated with the highest incidence of events in both treatment

groups were ‘infections and infestations’ (moxifloxacin 24 [0.7%] versus comparator 23 [0.7%]), [investigations’ (moxifloxacin 23 [0.7%] versus comparator 7 [0.2%]), and ‘gastrointestinal disorders’ (moxifloxacin 15 [0.4%] versus comparator 7 [0.2%]). Differences in disfavor of moxifloxacin versus comparator, using a 2-fold cut-off and events dipyridamole affecting at least 10 patients, were seen only for the SOCs ‘gastrointestinal disorders’ and [investigations’. Of note, ‘cardiac disorders’ were less frequent for moxifloxacin than for comparators (moxifloxacin 5 [0.1%] versus comparator 11 [0.3%] patients). In the intravenous-only population, the numbers were all very small, limiting the meaning and accuracy of any comparison. In the moxifloxacin and comparator intravenous groups, only one and two patients, respectively, experienced a cardiac disorder. Table VI Serious adverse drug reactions presented by system organ class in patients valid for the safety analysis, treated with moxifloxacin or a comparator and stratified by route of administration (oral only; intravenous followed by oral [sequential]; intravenous only). A single asterisk (*) indicates differences observed between groups that were ≥2.5% for events with an incidence ≥2.5% in both groups or ≥2-fold for events with an incidence <2.

Acta Amazon. 9:25–41 Singer R, Araujo I, Ivory MH (1983) The ectotrophically mycorrhizal fungi of the neotropical lowlands, especially central Amazonia. Cramer, Vaduz Smith ME, Henkel TW, Aime MC, Fremier AK, Vilgalys R (2011) Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and community structure on three co-occurring leguminous canopy tree species in a neotropical rainforest. New Phytol 192:699–712PubMedCrossRef Smits W (1994) Dipterocarpaceae: mycorrhizae and regeneration. Dissertation, Wageningen University, Wageningen Straatsma G, Ayer F, Egli S (2001) Species richness, abundance,

and phenology of fungal fruiting bodies over 21 years in TPX-0005 purchase a Swiss forest plot. Mycol Res 105:515–523CrossRef Swapna S, Syed A, Krishnappa M (2008) Diversity of macrofungi in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forest of Shimoga district-Karnataka, India. J Mycol Plant Pathol 38:21–26 Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM (1979) Decomposition LBH589 cost in terrestrial ecosystems. Blackwell, Oxford Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Beaver K, Kõljalg U (2007) Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the Seychelles: diversity MK-2206 molecular weight patterns and hosts sifts from the

native Vateriopsis seychallarum (Dipterocarpaceae) and Instia bijuga (Caesalpaniaceae) to the introduced Eucalyptus robusta (Myrtaceae), but not Pinus caribea (Pinaceae). New Phytol 175:321–333PubMedCrossRef Ter Steege H, Pitman N, Sabatier D et al (2003) A spatial model of tree diversity and tree density for the Amazon. Biodivers Conserv 12:2255–2277CrossRef Tobón-M C (1999) Monitoring and modeling hydrological fluxes in support of nutrient cycling studies in Amazonian rain forest ecosystems. Dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Tuomisto H, Ruokolainen K, Kalliola R et al (1995) Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science 269:63–66PubMedCrossRef Valencia R, Balslev H, Paz y Miño G (1994) High alpha-diversity in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodivers Conserv 3:21–28CrossRef Vasco-Palacios AM,

Franco-Molano AE, López-Quintero CA, Boekhout T (2005) Macrofungi (ascomycota, PAK5 basidiomycota) from the middle Caquetá region, Caquetá and Amazonas departments (Colombia). Biota Colombiana 6:127–140 Vester HFM (1997) The trees and the forest: The role of tree architecture in canopy development; a case study in secondary forest (Araracuara, Colombia). Dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Vester HFM, Cleef AM (1998) Tree architecture and secondary tropical rain forest development. A case study in Araracuara. Colombian Amazonia. Flora 193:75–97 Whittaker RJ, Nogués-Bravo D, Araújo MB (2007) Geographic gradients of species richness: a test of the water-energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa. Global Ecol Biogeogr 16:76–89CrossRef Wright SJ, Mueller-Landau HC (2006) The future of tropical forest species. Biotropica 38:287–301CrossRef Zak J (2005) Fungal communities of desert ecosystems: links to climate change. In: Dighton J, White JF, Oudemans P (eds) The fungal community, 3rd edn.

It seems that the aggregation process occurs slower than in other samples. AuNP agglomeration and interaction with medium over time was also confirmed with TEM analysis. Differences in the structure of the PBH capping agents used in this study led to distinct associations between individual AuNPs and their PF299804 molecular weight environment. The stability of Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] and Au[(Gly-Tyr-Met)2B] differed in cell culture conditions. This difference could be attributed to the stabilising effect of the TrCys group in comparison with the Met group. TrCys and Met residues

are involved in binding to the gold surface. The higher binding of the PBH (Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B to the gold in comparison with the PBH (Gly-Tyr-Met)2B is due to the additional aromatic interactions of the TrCys residue. The bulkier group, TrCys, may contribute to protecting individual NPs from selleck kinase inhibitor assembling into larger agglomerates, thereby leading to the stability of Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] agglomerates. In addition, as revealed by elemental analysis, Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] was stabilised by 40 PBH units in comparison with 7 PBH units for Au[(Gly-Tyr-Met)2B]. Similar considerations can be made for Au[(TrCys)2B] and Au[(Met)2B]. Au[(TrCys)2B] was stable up to 4 h and formed smaller agglomerates over time compared to Au[(Met)2B]. The stabilisation of Au[(TrCys)2B] was achieved with 97 PBH units

compared to 57 units for Au[(Met)2B]. It appears that the TrCys group also SB203580 molecular weight conferred stability upon Au[(TrCys)2B]. Overall, these findings suggest that the TrCys residue and the steric bulk of PBH (Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B are responsible for the remarkable stability of Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] agglomerates. The observations reported here have a major implication for the use of specific PBH capping agents in nanomaterial science. By applying PBH capping agents with different structures, the physico-chemical properties of AuNPs can be manipulated, thus affording tunability in Reverse transcriptase diverse environments. Interestingly, we observed

that the two PBH-capped AuNPs that showed increased stability, namely Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] and Au[(TrCys)2B], also produced the highest increase in ROS levels. However, significant ROS production was detected only at the two highest doses (50 and 100 μg/ml), thus indicating the feasibility of use at lower concentrations. Oxidative stress induction has been proposed as the principal mechanism of toxicity for many forms of NPs [57–59], including AuNPs [60]. Although the exact biological mechanism behind the action of the AuNPs was not determined in this study, we reveal that they all have the capacity to produce increased levels of ROS. However, the extent of this production differed depending on the PBH structures attached to the AuNP and the medium environment. ROS levels twofold higher than control levels were recorded after exposure to 100 μg/ml Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B].

4 5.5 ± 0.6 5.3 ± 0.4 5.3 ± 0.6 NA NA NA 75% 1.2 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.4 1.3 ±

0.2 5.2 ± 0.7 5.4 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.7 NA NA NA 100% 1.3 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 0.6 5.6 ± 0.4 5.7 ± 0.5 6.7 ± 1.8a 7.7 ± 1.8**, ab 7.5 ± 1.9***, b Asterixes (*, ** and ***) denote changes in concentrations that occur during the time-course of each particular subset of prolonged cycling (compared to baseline set to 0%). * = P < 0.017, ** = P < 0.003, *** = P < 0.0003. Letters (a and b) denote differences in concentrations that occur between subsets of prolonged cycling. N = 12 5-min mean-power test SN-38 nmr performance Mean power output during the 5-min mean-power test was not different between beverages; CHO 399 ± 42 W (5.4 ± 0.5 W·kg-1), PROCHO 390 MK-4827 ± 31 W (5.3 ± 0.5 W·kg-1) and NpPROCHO 399 ± 33 W (5.4 ± 0.3 W·kg-1) (P = 0.29, Figure 2). No differences were found in control parameters RPE and blood lactate between beverages as sampled directly after the 5-min mean-power test (data not shown). However, a negative correlation was found

between performance in the NpPROCHO 5-min mean-power test and athletic performance level measured as a performance factor, as developed in Table 1 (Pearson R = -0.74 with 95% confidence interval -0.92 to -0.29, P = 0.006, Figure 3), a correlation that was also found between NpPROCHO 5-min mean-power performance and each of LDN-193189 datasheet the subcomponents of the performance factor (Wmax, Pearson R = -0.74, P = 0.006; VO2max, Pearson R = -0.67, P = 0.02 and 5-min mean-power-output from the familiarization test, Pearson R = -0.66, P = 0.02). No such correlation was found for the PROCHO beverage (Figure 3). The

NpPROCHO vs performance factor correlation showed a Pearson R2 of 0.54, suggesting that 54% of the observed difference in power output performance between CHO and NpPROCHO can be explained by differences in athletic performance level. Indeed, when the cyclists were divided into two equally sized groups based on their individually calculated performance factor (Table 1), ingestion of NpPROCHO resulted in improved power output-performance relative to ingestion of CHO in the lesser performing cyclists compared to the superior performing cyclists (-2.4% vs -1.9%, P < 0.05) (Figure 4). As for ingestion of PROCHO, no such effect was observed. Adding to this, in the lesser check details trained athletes, ingestion of NpPROCHO had a positive effect on power output performance relative to CHO compared to ingestion of PROCHO (ES = 1.08). This classifies as a large ES and signifies that the mean of the performance of the NpPROCHO group lies at the 88 percentile of the PROCHO group. Figure 2 Mean power output during the 5-min mean-power test following 120-min submaximal cycling at 50% of maximal aerobic power with ingestion of either carbohydrate (CHO), protein + carbohydrate (PROCHO) or Nutripeptin™ + protein + carbohydrate (NpPROCHO). No differences were found between beverages. N = 12.

Others, including Pegler and Fiard (1978) and Lodge and Pegler (1990) placed H. hypohaemacta in subg. Pseudohygrocybe sect. Firmae, though Cantrell and Lodge (2004) noted the resemblance of trama

structure to subg. Hygrocybe and suggested that molecular phylogenies were needed to resolve placement. Neotropical collections identified as H. hypohaemacta will need a new name as the spores differ somewhat in shape and size and the LSU sequences diverge by 12.6 % from the SE Asian sequence. AZD9291 in vitro Hygrocybe roseopallida is included in sect. Velosae based on moderate molecular support and shared characters, i.e., FK866 ic50 subglobose to broadly ellipsoid macro- and microspores, a glutinous peronate pseudoveil, cortinoid connections between the lamellar edge and stipe apex partly

formed by vacuolated pseudocystidia emanating from the lamellar edge (Lodge and Ovrebo 2008). Although Corner (1936) stated that the glutinous layer of the pileus margin was not connected to the stipe in H. hypohaemacta, a projecting glutinous find more margin is visible on the pileus, a vague glutinous annulus is visible in photos of the H. hypohaemacta collection from Malaysia that was sequenced, and a glutinous annulus can be seen in a photo of H. aff. hypohaemacta from Puerto Rico (Fig. 25 insert). Pseudocystidia emanating from the lamellar edge in both H. aff. hypohaemacta and H. roseopallida that form the inner fibrous portion of the veil are shown in Fig. 6. Inner fibrous and outer glutinous veil elements were clearly visible in the type and other collections of H. roseopallida (Lodge Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) and Ovrebo 2008). Fig. 6 Hygrocybe (subg. Hygrocybe) sect. Velosae. Pseudocystidia emanating from the lamellar edge, which contributes to an inner, fibrous pseudoveil: a. Hygrocybe aff. hypohaemacta (BZ-1903); b. Hygrocbe roseopallida (type). Scale bar = 20 μm Hygrocybe [subg. Hygrocybe ] sect. Pseudofirmae Lodge, Padamsee & S.A. Cantrell, sect. nov. MycoBank MB804048. Type species: Hygrophorus appalachianensis Hesl. & A.H. Sm. North American Species of Hygrophorus: 147 (1963), ≡ Hygrocybe

appalachianensis (Hesl. & A.H. Sm.) Kronaw. (as ‘appalachiensis’), in Kronawitter & Bresinsky, Regensb. Mykol. Schr. 8: 58 (1998). Pileus usually viscid or glutinous, often perforated in the center. Basidiospores and basidia dimorphic; ratio of macrobasidia to macrospore length usually < 5, macrobasidia expanded in upper part, typically broadly clavate or clavate-stipitate; lamellar trama hyphae parallel, long or short, with or without oblique septa; pileipellis a cutis, disrupted cutis or trichoderm, overlain by a thin to thick ixocutis which if ephemeral then leaves a thin patchy gelatinous coating on the cuticular hyphae. Etymology Pseudo = false, firmae – referring to sect. Firmae. Phylogenetic support Support for a monophyletic sect. Pseudofirmae, including H.

Cheng CH, Chen PC, Wu YH, Yeh FS, Chin A: Long-endurance nanocrystal TiO 2 resistive check details memory using a TaON buffer layer. IEEE Electron Device

Lett 2011, 32:1749.CrossRef 81. Park WY, Kim GH, Seok JY, Kim KM, Song SJ, Lee MH, Hwang CS: A Pt/TiO 2 /Ti Schottky-type selection diode for alleviating the sneak current in resistance switching memory arrays. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:195201.CrossRef 82. Lee H-Y, Chen P-S, Wang C-C, Maikap S, Tzeng P-J, Lin C-H, Lee L-S, Tsai M-J: Low-power switching of nonvolatile resistive memory using hafnium oxide. Jpn J Appl Phys, Part 1 2007, 46:2175.CrossRef 83. Lee J, Bourim EM, Lee W, Park J, Jo M, Jung S, Shin J, Hwang H: Effect of ZrO x /HfO x bilayer structure on switching uniformity and reliability in nonvolatile memory applications. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97:172105.CrossRef

84. Walczyk D, Walczyk C, Schroeder T, Bertaud T, Sowinska M, Lukosius M, Fraschke M, Tillack B, Wenger C: Resistive Ruxolitinib concentration switching characteristics of CMOS embedded HfO 2 -based 1T1R cells. Microelectron Eng 2011, 88:1133.CrossRef 85. Chen YY, Goux L, Clima S, Govoreanu B, Degraeve R, Kar GS, Fantini A, Groeseneken G, Wouters DJ, Jurczak M: Endurance/retention trade-off on HfO 2 /metal cap 1T1R bipolar RRAM. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 2013, 60:1114.CrossRef 86. Yu S, Chen H-Y, Gao B, Kang J, Wong HSP: HfO x -based vertical resistive switching JNK-IN-8 random access memory suitable for bit-cost-effective three-dimensional cross-point architecture. ACS Nano 2013, 7:2320.CrossRef 87. Chen A, Haddad S, Wu YC, Fang TN, Kaza S, Lan Z: Erasing characteristics of Cu 2 O metal-insulator-metal resistive switching memory. Appl Phys Lett 2008, 92:013503.CrossRef these 88. Sun X, Li G, Chen L, Shi Z, Zhang W: Bipolar resistance switching characteristics with opposite polarity of Au/SrTiO 3 /Ti memory cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:1. 89. Lin CY, Wu CY, Wu CYC-Y, Lee TC, Yang FL, Hu C, Tseng TY: Effect of top electrode material

on resistive switching properties of ZrO 2 film memory devices. IEEE Electron Device Lett 2007, 28:366.CrossRef 90. Liu Q, Long S, Wang W, Zuo Q, Zhang S, Chen J, Liu M: Improvement of resistive switching properties in ZrO 2 -based ReRAM with implanted Ti ions. IEEE Electron Device Lett 2009, 30:1335.CrossRef 91. Wang S-Y, Lee D-Y, Tseng T-Y, Lin C-Y: Effects of Ti top electrode thickness on the resistive switching behaviors of rf-sputtered ZrO 2 memory films. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95:112904.CrossRef 92. Wang SY, Lee DY, Huang TY, Wu JW, Tseng TY: Controllable oxygen vacancies to enhance resistive switching performance in a ZrO 2 -based RRAM with embedded Mo layer. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:495201.CrossRef 93. Chien WC, Chen YC, Lai EK, Yao YD, Lin P, Horng SF, Gong J, Chou TH, Lin HM, Chang MN, Shih YH, Hsieh KY, Liu R, Chih-Yuan L: Unipolar switching behaviors of RTO WO x RRAM. IEEE Electron Device Lett 2010, 31:126.CrossRef 94. Lin CY, Wu CY, Hu C, Tseng TY: Bistable resistive switching in Al 2 O 3 memory thin films.

The Global Land Project, (GLP, http://​www.​globallandprojec​t.​org) jointly established by the International Human Dimensions Program on Global Environmental Change (IHDP, http://​www.​ihdp.​org/​)

and the International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP, http://​www.​igbp.​net/​) is the foremost international global change project promoting LCS for environmental sustainability. The GLP is planned around three research foci seeking to integrate a range of research questions towards an improved understanding of the dynamics of land change, the causes and consequences of land change, and RO4929097 assessment of system outcomes, notably vulnerability and resilience of land systems (GLP 2005; Turner et al. 2007). These GLP-related SGC-CBP30 efforts focus on sustainability issues arising from changes and responses to the synergistic operations of societal and environmental subsystems of land. They GSK2126458 mouse provide an opportunity for international scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds to address these complex issues arising from human–environment interactions that cannot be satisfactorily dealt

with by core disciplinary methods alone. This special feature documents progress in the fundamental components of LCS research. The issues addressed range from the sustainability of smallholder agriculture and urban systems to the impact of socioeconomic processes associated with globalization on biodiversity and ecosystem services supply. The first set of four papers exemplifies how models of varying

complexities can be used to unravel the association between land-use and its spatial determinants. Yin and Xiang combine remote sensing data with social dataset to assess interactions between different facets of agricultural land-use and their determinants. By developing and estimating a structural model of land-use using spatially explicit longitudinal observations from the upper Yangtze basin of China, they demonstrate that technical change mafosfamide helps in supplying food where per-capita cropland is limited. Technical change also helps to reduce soil erosion, which then benefits grain production in the longer term. The relationship between environmental loads (greenhouse gas emissions and farmland surplus nitrogen) and economic benefits (income from agricultural production) is addressed by Kimura et al. Eco-balance analysis for a watershed in Northern Japan showed that rice and soybean had high global warming potential (GWP), low farmland surplus nitrogen (FSN) and yields relatively high income. On the other hand, onion and vegetables had high FSN, low GWP and moderate income, whereas wheat showed negative GWP for some years, and abandoned land had a negative value.

The HV study finding of a food effect indicated that Cmax values were higher in the fasted state than in the fed state, suggesting that the Cmax ‘smoothing’ effect of food intake prior to dosing could reduce the risk and/or the frequency of peak-related AEs. Under this assumption, the patient study protocol required all doses to be administered 30 minutes after a meal. However, we do not believe that the

food effect on pharmacokinetics fully explains the higher MTD in depressed patients. Cmax values were comparable between populations at the higher doses, which were the points at which dose-limiting AEs occurred, and the events that drove MTD determination in both studies were not often associated with tmax. Another evolutionary program change was the inclusion of females Dasatinib research buy midway through the patient trial following AZD0156 the finalization of animal reprotoxicity studies. CHIR-99021 purchase While the HV study included only males, 36% of treated participants in the patient study were female. Although this change was necessary in order to examine safety and tolerability in the broader target population, it raises the question as to whether tolerability differences between the trials can be attributed to sex. However, post hoc evaluation showed that exclusion of female subjects from the patient sample did

not change the MTD determination at all. An important difference between trials is how the MTD was defined. In the HV study, the MTD was driven by discontinuations due to AEs.

In the patient study, the MTD was defined a priori as the dose one step below the MID, where the MID was the dose at which ≥50% of subjects experienced multiple moderate AEs or a single severe AE, or the dose at which a serious AE occurred in one or more subjects. If we applied the HV approach to the patient study, the MTD result would not change. In contrast, if we applied the patient definition to the HV study, an MTD would not be defined, because only one patient experienced multiple moderate AEs. However, we note that patients were much more likely than HVs to continue dosing Molecular motor despite moderate-intensity events. In the HV trial, every subject who reported a moderate AE ultimately discontinued treatment because of the event. In contrast, only one participant of nine who experienced moderate AEs in the patient trial discontinued. Whether this is due to better tolerability in general, greater motivation to stay in the treatment unit for lifestyle reasons, the possibility of a treatment effect, differences in the clinical approaches used by different sites and investigators, or some other factor, is difficult to determine. Regardless, the MTD determinations reflect the experience of the participants and the clinical impressions of the investigators, suggesting that the underlying definitions were appropriate for the populations under study.

The FFT method from HREM images, on the other hand, provides LRO parameters in a small selected microscopic area, and therefore, it enables microscopic fluctuations of LRO parameters to be examined. Ordering maps from geometric LY2228820 mouse phase algorithm HRTEM images allow us to extract information on compositional variations and/or the state of deformation of the nanostructures by comparing the actual positions of the unit cells in the image with a reference lattice using such techniques as the peak pairs algorithm or geometric phase analysis [23, 24]. Even though these programs are mainly applied

to the analysis of the deformation present in the nanostructures, they can be used to perform other types of studies such as the spatial location of different phases and grains [25]. We follow a similar procedure here in order to obtain a spatial map of the distribution of the ordering. The procedure used for calculating the phase image, the Bragg filtered image and numerical moiré image using the GPA are as described by Hÿtch and co-workers [24, 26]. Briefly, the method consists of constructing a differential phase PXD101 order map for a given Bragg region with respect to a reference lattice. In our case, we build numerical moiré images at position r, M(r), by superimposing the real lattice with a reciprocal lattice SYN-117 cell line vector smaller than the average lattice where M is a magnification constant as [25, 27]: where g r is the

reference lattice in reciprocal space and u(r) is the displacement of the atomic column position from its nominal Succinyl-CoA position. Following this procedure, two translational moiré images (we used M = 1) are obtained using g r as the reference position of each (111) spot in the FFT pattern and a Bragg mask that includes the collinear ½(111) spot associated with the ordering arrangement. The final RGB multilayer reconstructed image is formed from the two inverse FFT (iFFT) images

of these selected masks. The spatial localization of ordering in each of the 111 planes is represented in the sets of red and green fringes. In order to improve visualization, a null matrix blue layer is used as background. The red and green fringes in this resultant image are consistent with the presence of ordering where the moiré spacing is proportional to 1/(g − gr). Results Photoluminescence In order to evaluate the optical emission efficiency, RT-PL measurements were carried out on both samples (Figure 1). Sample S100 showed a bimodal spectrum, with an emission peak at 1,108 nm and a distinct low wavelength shoulder feature at 980 nm. The main peak has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 79 meV. However, S25 showed only a single peak centred at 1,057 nm with a FWHM of 75 meV. The PL intensities were nominally identical to within the experimental error. Figure 1 Room-temperature PL spectra of MBE-grown GaAsBi layers. S25 (dashed) and S100 (solid) lines.

(a) Relative contribution of the HF (Si-NC) and LF (a-Si) Raman bands to the total scattering intensity is shown as a function of r H. (b) Integrated Raman intensities of HF (Si-NC) and LF (a-Si) bands are shown as a function of absorption coefficient. Pearson’s correlation coefficients have been also shown for a-Si and Si-NC. Figure 2b shows the integrated Raman intensities of Si-NCs and a-Si bands as a function of absorption

coefficient selleck chemicals llc (α). The absorption coefficient was determined at 4 eV (high-energy part of the absorption spectra). It can be seen that there is a linear correlation between α and the Raman intensity for Si-NCs as well as a-Si, with correlation coefficient equal to 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. Since both the Raman intensity and α depend linearly on the number of nanoparticles (e.g., Si-NCs), the obtained correlation indicates that the high-energy absorption is related to both: Si-NCs Selleck MLN4924 and a-Si. It should be also noted here that we obtained a strong correlation for the whole high-energy part of the absorption spectra (between 3 and 5 eV). Moreover, the correlation coefficient calculated for Si-NCs was always slightly higher than for a-Si. On the other hand, when energy drops approximately below 2.5 eV, the correlation coefficient also drops below 0.7. This result can be expected if we bear in mind that the estimated optical band gap exceeds 2.5 eV for all

of the investigated structures (see Table 1). This result may also indicate that the low-energy part of the absorption spectra is (at least partially) related to some different structures e.g., defects in

the matrix. In order to explore the matrix properties for more details, we conducted FTIR measurements in ATR mode. Figure 3 shows normalized IR spectra obtained for the samples deposited with different r H. To compare, Figure 3 also contains a reference spectrum measured for pure quartz. In each case, the main band located in the range 1,000 to 1,300 cm−1 is associated with the asymmetric stretching GNA12 Si-O-Si mode [23], where the bridging oxygen atoms move in the direction opposite to their Si neighbors and roughly parallel to the Si-Si lines. Moreover, the band around 800 cm−1 is identified as the bending Si-O-Si vibration [23] in which the oxygen move approximately at right angles to the Si-Si lines and in the Si-O-Si planes. Figure 3 Normalized FTIR spectra measured in ATR mode for samples deposited with different r H . The buy AZD8931 quartz reference spectrum is also shown for comparison (dotted line). Figure 3 one can also see that the spectra of the samples deposited with excess silicon are much broader in comparison with the IR spectra of pure quartz. Moreover, the decrease of the r H used during deposition leads to a significant broadening of the IR spectra. This effect can be related to the lowering of the degree of matrix structural order. It should be emphasized here that we consider a short-range order since the matrix is non-crystalline.