Figure 1 Growth sequence of RF-MOMBE and spectrum of a nitrogen RF plasma. (a) Growth sequence of RF-MOMBE pulses for InAlN films. (b) A typical optical emission spectrum

of a nitrogen RF plasma at 400 W/0.7 sccm. The X-ray diffraction (Siemens D5000, Siemens Co., Munich, Germany) measurements were carried out in a θ-2θ coupled geometry Mocetinostat chemical structure using Cu-Kα radiation to identify the presence of secondary phases or crystalline structures. The lattice parameters of In x Al1-x N films and the value of x were calculated by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (Bruker D8, Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany). The diffraction angle 2θ was scanned from 20° to 40° at 0.005°/s. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the In x Al1-x N films were analyzed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Hitachi S-4300, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan). The microstructure of the InAlN films was investigated in detail by TEM in cross-sectional configuration (TEM, Philips Tecnai 20 (FEI/Philips Electron Optics, Eindhoven, Netherlands) and JEOL 2010 F (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan)). The In x Al1-x N www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html film’s composition was determined with HRXRD. The optical reflectance

measurements were performed by using a UV/Vis/IR reflection spectrophotometer with integrating sphere (PerkinElmer Lambda 900, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) from 200 to 2,000 nm. Results and discussion Figure  2a shows the θ-2θ scan XRD pattern for the InAlN films grown at 530°C with the TMIn/TMAl flow ratio of 1.29, 1.4, 1.51, and 1.63. The XRD pattern indicated that the peaks corresponding to InAlN (0002), ( ), ( ), and ( ) were observed for InAlN films grown on the Si(100) substrate. Also, the XRD results of InN and InAlN films reveal that all the films are of wurtzite structure which is preferentially oriented in the c-axis direction. Vildagliptin No metallic indium peak was detected in the XRD pattern. In addition, it is clearly observed that peaks of all InAlN shifted depending on In composition.

However, the crystalline quality of the InAlN films degrades with increasing Al content. The result is in agreement with the report of Houchin et al.[9]. Figure 2 XRD analysis of InAlN films. (a) θ-2θ XRD pattern of InAlN films deposited on Si(100) with various In compositions. (b) Composition dependence of the calculated a-axis and c-axis lattice parameters of InAlN alloys. Vegard’s law [22] has been applied to determine the average In composition of the ternary alloy films via measurement of lattice parameters from HRXRD. Assuming Vegard’s law to hold for In x Al1-x N and considering the biaxial strain in the layer, the indium composition can be determined by applying the relation. Therefore, the exact indium mole fraction x of the alloy, considering the deformation of the unit cell, is where ν (x) is Poisson’s ratio defined as ν (x) = 2C 13/C 33; C 13 and C 33 are the elastic constants of the hexagonal III-nitrides.

In Mexico, one out of 20 Mexican men and one out of 12 Mexican women older than 50 years of age will sustain a hip fracture [5]. The rate of radiographically defined vertebral fractures in Mexican women is

high [6] (overall rate of 19.2%), but no data regarding the epidemiology of vertebral fractures in men have been published. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of radiographically defined vertebral fractures by age in a random sample of Mexican men over 50 years and to identify potential ACY-1215 conventional risk factors associated with vertebral fractures in this group. Methods Study design A radiographical survey was designed for this study; 413 Mexican men were included from a population-based random sample in the city of Puebla. The random probability sample was generated with the advice of

the National AZD1390 research buy Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI) in Mexico. We used the last census available to build a stratified sample of 100 men for the following age groupings: 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80. We used the demographic information available from every district and group of households blocks within the city and we used the maps and cartography provided by INEGI during the survey. Before the study began, a training workshop was held with the interviewers to review the questionnaire and survey methods. Eligible men participated in a face-to-face interview in their homes; Lumacaftor nmr after the interview, they were asked to have lateral X-rays of the thoracic and lumbar spine taken. If a man was unable or unwilling to participate, he was replaced by the first man available of the same age stratum, making home visits to houses from right to left of the first assigned house in the same block of households until a man who fulfilled the criteria was found. The protocol was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Review Board, and a written consent of all participants

was obtained before the interview. Questionnaire The questionnaire used was originally designed for Latin American Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (LAVOS) [6]. All questions were developed based on the questionnaires of two large studies, the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) [7, 8], and collected self-reported data on demographics, lifestyle factors, and conventional risk factors for osteoporosis [9]. To assess dietary calcium, we included a semi-quantitative food questionnaire validated in Spanish for the Mexican population [10]. The Sistema de Nutrimientos (SNUT) program was used to compute dietary calcium in milligram per day. Commercial calcium supplement intake was calculated according to names and daily doses reported by participants.

Powder Technol 2003, 135–136:65–75.CrossRef 10. Kwek JW, Vakararelski IU, Ng WK, Heng JYY, Tan RBH: this website Novel parallel plate condenser for single particle electrostatic

force measurements in atomic force microscope. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Aspects 2011, 385:206–212.CrossRef 11. Harris B: The electric field. In University Physics. New York: John Wily & Sons, Inc; 1995:455–475. 12. Terris BD, Stern JE, Rugar D, Mamin HJ: Contact electrification using force microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 1989, 63:2669–2672.CrossRef 13. Mesquida P, Stemmer A: Attaching silica nanoparticles from suspension onto surface charge patterns generated by a conductive atomic force microscope tip. Adv Mater 2001, 13:1395–1398.CrossRef 14. Mesquida P, Knapp HF, Stemmer A: Charge writing on the nanometre scale in a fluorocarbon film. Surf Interface Anal

2002, 33:159–162.CrossRef 15. Hutter JL, Bechhoefer J: Calibration of atomic force microscope tips. Rev Sci Instrum 1993, 64:1868–1873.CrossRef 16. Kestelman VN, selleck chemical Pinchuk LS, Goldade VA: Electrets Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2000.CrossRef 17. Matsuyama T, Ohtsuka M, Yamamoto H: Measurement of force curve due to electrostatic charge on a single particle using atomic force microscope. KONA Powder Particle J 2008, 26:238–245. 18. ANSYS, Inc: ANSYS Maxwell. http://​www.​ansys.​com/​Products/​Simulation+Techn​ology/​Electromagnetics​/​Electromechanica​l/​ANSYS+Maxwell 19. Israelachvili JN: Contrasts between intermolecular, interparticle and intersurface forces. In Intermolecular and Surface Forces. San Diego: Academic; 1991:152–155.

Competing interests The RVX-208 authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JMC performed all the AFM measurements and wrote the manuscript. WYC carried out the Ansoft Maxwell simulation. FRC provided valuable discussions and helped in Ansoft Maxwell simulation. FGT is the principal investigator who helped in the analysis and interpretation of data and in drafting of the manuscript and its revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Cyanide has numerous applications in industry such as chelating agent, electroplating, pharmaceuticals, and mining [1, 2]. This extensive use of cyanide results in the generation of a huge amount of cyanide waste and increases the cyanide spill risk to the environment [3, 4]. Thus, cyanide must be treated before discharging. Different protocols such as adsorption, complexation, and oxidation are used for abating cyanides [1, 2, 5–7]. The procedures other than oxidation give highly concentrated products in which toxic cyanides still exist [8, 9]. Highly powerful, economically method is the photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide, which has been demonstrated in several studies [10–17]. However, an inexpensive photocatalyst is needed for the economical removal of large quantities of cyanide.

In 2002 sample group, there was no significant difference in any dietary supplement use between age groups (Table 3). However, in 2009 sample group, athletes over 24 years consumed significantly more dietary supplements than athletes in under 21 years. Table 3 Logistic regression

model on DS use   Vitamins   Minerals   Nutritional supplements All dietary supplements Characteristic selleck chemicals OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Sex                     Men (2002) 1   1   1   1       Men (2009) 1   1   1   1       Women (2002) 1.32 0.85-2.06 2.13 1.36-3.33 0.54 0.35-0.83 0.92 0.55-1.55     Women (2009) 2.30 1.42-3.72 2.24 1.36-3.68 0.58 0.37-0.91 1.21 0.72-2.02 Age (yr)                     Under 21 (2002) 1   1   1   1       Under 21 (2009) 1   1   1   1       21-24 (2002) 1.28 0.76-2.16 1.54 0.91-2.62 1.34 0.80-2.23 1.19 0.63-2.27     21-24 (2009) 1.66 0.95-2.90

1.16 0.63-2.14 2.47 1.40-4.34 1.90 0.97-3.70     Over 24 (2002) 0.86 0.51-1.46 1.63 0.95-2.80 0.92 0.55-1.54 0.70 0.38-1.30     Over 24 (2009) 6.77 3.22-14.23 2.15 1.14-4.07 4.43 2.31-8.50 3.18 1.38-7.33 Type of sport                     Team Sport (2002) 1   1   1   1       Team Sport (2009) 1   1   1   1       Speed and power (2002) 4.67 2.56-8.52 3.85 1.90-7.82 2.76 1.55-4.91 3.37 1.50-7.57     Speed and power (2009) 3.71 2.02-6.81 2.83 1.60-5.03 2.25 1.25-4.05 3.65 1.89-7.03     Endurance (2002) 6.50 3.40-12.42 6.56 3.03-14.2 2.15 1.25-3.72 3.30 1.48-7.32     Endurance (2009) 3.13 1.54-6.36 5.98 3.38-10.58 2.11 1.06-4.20 6.73 2.60-17.48 Quisinostat ic50     Skill-based (2002) 1.26 0.71-2.22 1.25 0.53-2.94 0.29 0.16-0.55 0.46 0.25-0.85 isothipendyl Vitamin use After adjusting for age-, sex-

and sport type, the OR (95% CI) for vitamin use was significantly less in 2009 sample group as compared with 2002 sample (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.85). Both in 2002 and 2009, vitamin use was significantly more frequent among speed and power athletes and endurance athletes as compared with team sport athletes (Table 3). Vitamin use was more frequent among female athletes than male athletes in 2009 (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.42-3.71). In 2009, athletes in age group over 24 years took significantly more vitamins than athletes in age group under 21 years (OR 6.77; 95% CI 3.22-14.23). In 2009, athletes over 24 years used minerals significantly more often than athletes in the youngest age group.

The presence of 15 species was detected by cultivation, with 7 dominant species enumerated on TGYA, the medium used for the determination of total

cell count (Table 1). The number of bands and the corresponding migration lengths were recorded in PCI-32765 datasheet a database (Figure 1). A majority of species displayed TTGE profiles with a single band for all isolates. Three species showed strain variations in TTGE profiles, with some strains harboring 1 to 5 supplementary bands (Figure 1). In addition, several species had indistinguishable TTGE profiles. Profile 5 corresponded to both Brachybacterium sp. and Arthrobacter arilaitensis, profile 12 to Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Facklamia tabacinasalis, and profile 16 to both Lactococcus lactis and Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans (Figure 1). Low-GC bacteria Lc. lactis and M. psychrotolerans could not be distinguished on low-GC gel whereas high-GC gel revealed specific bands for the two species (bands z and z’, respectively, in Figure 2). The database (Figure 1) contained a total of 16 TTGE profiles corresponding to 15 species. It was used learn more as reference for species-level

identification in TTGE fingerprints obtained by the culture independent approach. Table 1 Bacterial composition of cheese surface consortium F by a culture dependent method1 Bacterial species Accession number2 Similarity (%) Isolation media3 Viable count [CFU cm-2] acetylcholine Percentage on TGYA Brevibacterium linens (or Brevibacterium aurantiacum 4) GenBank:AJ315491 (GenBank:X765664) 95.5-98.0 (97.8) TGYA 7.5.108 32.5% Staphylococcus vitulinus GenBank:NR_024670 99.6 TGYA 6.0.108 26.0% Brachybacterium tyrofermentans GenBank:X91657 97.9 TGYA 4.5.108 19.5% Corynebacterium casei GenBank:DQ361013 100.0 TGYA 1.5.108 6.5% Microbacterium gubbeenense GenBank:AF263564 97.9 TGYA 1.5.108 6.5% Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans GenBank:AB083413

99.8 TGYA 1.5.108 6.5% Brachybacterium sp. GenBank:AF513397 99.9 TGYA 0.7.108 3.0% Staphylococcus equorum GenBank:NR_027520 98.8-99.1 MSA 3.0.108 – Staphylococcus epidermidis GenBank:NC_004461 98.5 MSA 8.107 – Facklamia tabacinasalis GenBank:Y17820 99.1 BP 6.105 – Lactococcus lactis GenBank:NC_002662 99.5 MRS 4.104 – Enterococcus devriesei GenBank:AJ891167 98.2 MRS 1.104 – Enterococcus malodoratus GenBank:Y18339 99.8 MRS 2.103 – Enterococcus faecalis GenBank:AJ420803 99.3 KFS 2.102 – Enterococcus faecium GenBank:EU547780 100.0 KFS 6.101 – 1 128 isolates, i.e. ca. 25 isolates per media, were analyzed by TTGE and grouped into identical TTGE profiles. A representative isolate of each profile was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. After the assignment of all isolates to a species, the percentage of each species on each of the five media was assessed.

The endophytic bacteria found inside the stems would be better protected against the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil. To support this argument, the susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to the essential oil obtained from L. sidoides genotypes LSID006 and LSID104 was determined. The essential oil from the genotype LSID006 was chosen to represent the ones from LSID003 and LSID105 which are similar in their

thymol and carvacrol contents. MIC determination showed that 85.7% and 74.6% of the strains tested presented a MIC ≥ 0.25 mg ml-1 of essential oil from genotypes LSID006 and LSID104, respectively, IWR-1 nmr suggesting an intermediate sensitivity of the isolates to the presence of both essential oils. However, no difference in the susceptibility range could be observed between the stem-derived and leaf-derived strains. It is important to state that the number of leaf-derived strains tested was much lower than the number of stem-derived strains, thus compromising the interpretation of the results obtained. In total,

145 endophytic selleck compound bacterial isolates were obtained mostly from the stems. Our results suggest that the most dominant group associated with the L. sidoides genotypes was the Gammaproteobacteria, which is consistent with other studies [33, 37, 38]. Isolates from the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus (belonging to the Firmicutes) were mainly obtained from LSID105 leaves (Figure 4). Because

members of these genera are spore formers, they may have resisted exposure to the essential oil after maceration of the leaves. Although we do not know whether Interleukin-3 receptor the isolated strains have any plant growth promoting potential, other studies have already demonstrated the importance of the different genera found here as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers and/or auxin producers in other plants [39, 40]. As the cultivation-dependent methodology used was affected by cell death in the leaves, the PCR-DGGE approach chosen to determine the structure of the microbial communities found in the leaves and stems of L. sidoides became crucial to this study. Moreover, it allowed access to the communities (such as the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria) possibly present in lower numbers or that failed to grow under the conditions used for isolation. Similar results were obtained when the total bacteria (accessed by two different sets of primers for PCR amplification), Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria communities were considered. Slight differences in DGGE profiles were observed among the genotypes; nevertheless, these differences did not contribute to the grouping of the different communities as much as the location in the plant (stem or leaf) where these communities were found.

The growth rate was monitored by measuring

the optical density at 730 nm. The Pi contents of wild type, ΔPst1 and ΔPst2 strains were determined according to Shi et al. [21]. Assay of phosphate uptake Cells grown in BG-11 medium for 3 days were washed twice by centrifugation and resuspension in Pi-limiting BG-11 medium. The washed cells were subsequently grown in either BG-11 or Pi-limiting BG-11 medium for 24 h before being washed twice by centrifugation and resuspension in Pi-free buffer to an optical density at 730 nm of 0.3. The uptake experiment learn more was initiated by the addition of K2HPO4 solution at room temperature. At different time intervals, aliquots were withdrawn, filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter and the remaining Pi in the filtrate was determined by the colorimetric method [22]. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program and the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund) (SB, AI). The support from Thailand Commission for Higher Education (CHE) (the university staff development consortium), the National Research University Project of Thailand, CHE (FW659A), and the Thai Government SP2 Program to AI are also acknowledged. The work also received support from an Otago University Research Grant (JJER). References

1. Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) Hudson JJ, Taylor WD, PND-1186 mw Schindler DW: Phosphate concentrations in lakes. Nature 2000, 406:54–56.PubMedCrossRef 2. Aiba H, Mizuno T: A novel gene whose expression is regulated by the response-regulator, SphR, in response to phosphate limitation in Synechococcus species PCC 7942. Mol Microbiol 1994, 13:25–34.PubMedCrossRef 3. Hirani TA, Suzuki I, Murata N, Hayashi H, Eaton-Rye JJ: Characterization of a two-component signal transduction system involved

in the induction of alkaline phosphatase under phosphate-limiting conditions in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Mol Biol 2001, 45:133–144.PubMedCrossRef 4. Suzuki S, Ferjani A, Suzuki I, Murata N: The SphS-SphR two component system is the exclusive sensor for the induction of gene expression in response to phosphate limitation in Synechocystis . J Biol Chem 2004, 279:13234–13240.PubMedCrossRef 5. Wanner BL: Phosphorus assimilation and control of the phosphate regulon. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Volume 1. Edited by: Neidhardt RCI, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbrager HE. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA; 1996:1357–1381. 6. Rosenberg H: Phosphate transport in prokaryotes. In Ion Transport in Prokaryotes. Edited by: Rosen BP, Silver S. Academic Press, New York, USA; 1987:205–248. 7.

Figure 4 Expression of the acs reporter in different chemostat environments at D = 0.15 h -1 . Fluorescence measurements report the expression of

Pacs-gfp in chemostat environments supplied with minimal media supplemented with only D-glucose, only sodium acetate or D-glucose plus sodium acetate. Background fluorescence is the fluorescence of the promoterless strain depicted in black. check details The error bars on the plots for mean log expression of Pacs-gfp are standard errors of the mean. The expression of the acs reporter was down-regulated to the greatest extent in chemostats with high concentration of glucose (11.2 mM Glc in the feed). Results from previous studies suggest that under the conditions used here – glucose as the only carbon source, and low dilution rates – the reactions of glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogenesis should be active, which would allow utilization of simple carbon sources such as acetate when glucose is not available [20]. According to population-based studies on bacteria grown on glucose, the shunt operates at the dilution rates from Ganetespib purchase 0.05–0.2 h-1, allowing metabolism of acetyl-CoA to succinate. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are not engaged, and this prevents carbon loss in the form of CO2[33, 41]. When acetate is used as a sole carbon source, the expression

of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase gene pck (a gluconeogenesis enzyme) is up-regulated [40, 42], indicating synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as acetate [20]. pck is also up-regulated in chemostats containing glucose as a carbon source that are run at low dilution rates [43]. Our experiments at the single-cell level largely support these previous population-based studies. In the following paragraph, we will discuss in more details the gene expression phenotypes that we observed in clonal populations grown in mini-chemostats at low dilution rate of D = 0.15 h-1, selleck kinase inhibitor and with glucose as the sole carbon source at a feed concentration of 0.56 mM Glc. These are the conditions in which the majority of the

cells expressed both glucose transporters mglB and ptsG, whereas some cells only expressed mglB (Figure  1, Table  3). The fraction of cells that did not express the ribosomal reporter was below 1% (Table  3), and these were the cells that presumably did not grow and divide. The residual concentration of glucose in the mini-chemostats after five volume changes (theoretical steady-state concentration [33]) was 1.95 ± 0.13 μM, measured by ion chromatography (our experimental setup did not allow us to accurately measure concentration of acetate). We found that, under these conditions, almost all cells expressed the acs reporter above background level (Figure  4). This may indicate that they either recover cytoplasmic acetate or take up acetate excreted by others.

The cultures including the peptide were incubated for 72 h at 37°C and 5% CO2. The cell supernatants

were collected and stored at -80°C for viral load determination using viral RNA and were quantified using one step qReal time-PCR. Virus quantification by plaque formation assay To determine the virus yield after treatment with different concentrations of peptide, the culture supernatants were collected and serially diluted to reduce the effects of the drug residues. A 10-fold serial dilution of medium supernatant was added to new Vero cells grown in 24-well plates (1.5 × 105 cells) and incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. The cells were then overlaid with DMEM medium containing 1.1% methylcellulose. The viral plaques were stained with crystal violet dye after a five-day incubation. The virus titres were calculated according to the following formula: Western Seliciclib purchase blot Cells lysates were prepared for immunoblotting against dengue viral antigen using ice-cold lysis buffer. The amount of protein in the cell lysates was quantified to ensure equal loading (20 μg) of the western blot gels using the 2-D Quant Kit (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. find more The separated proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes and then blocked with blocking buffer. The membrane was incubated overnight with anti-DENV2

antibody specific to the viral NS1 protein (Abcam, UK, Cat. no. ab41616) and an anti-beta actin antibody (Abcam, UK, Cat. no. ab8226). After washing three times, the membranes were incubated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Dako, Denmark) at 1:1,000 for two h. Horseradish peroxidase substrate was added to for colour development. Indirect immunostaining To examine the efficacy of the Ltc 1 peptide for reducing viral particles, HepG2

cells were grown on cover slips in 6-well plates and infected with DENV2 at an MOI of 2. The DENV2-infected cells were then treated with 25 μM peptide for 24 h. The cells were washed three times with PBS to remove the peptide residues and then fixed with ice-cold Immune system methanol for 15 min at -20°C. After washing, the cells were incubated with coating buffer for 1 h at room temperature. A mouse antibody specific to the dengue envelop glycoprotein (Abcam, UK, Cat. no. ab41349) was added, and the cells were incubated overnight at 4°C. The cells were washed three times with PBS and incubated for 30 min with an anti-mouse IgG labelled with FITC fluorescent dye (Invitrogen, USA, Cat. no. 62-6511). To stain the cell nuclei, Hoechst dye was added (Invitrogen, USA, Cat. no. H1399) for the last 15 min of the incubation. Viral RNA quantification The DENV2 copy number was quantified in the culture supernatants using one-step quantitative real-time PCR. Known copies of the viral RNA were 10-fold serially diluted to generate a standard curve.

The comparator product was standardized to contain similar amounts of creatine, carbohydrate and whey protein. The study compared the effects of SOmaxP to a comparator product (CP), which was standardized to contain equal amounts of creatine (4 g creatine monohydrate), carbohydrate

(39 g maltodextrin) and protein (7 g whey protein hydrolysate), and given with identical timing. We hypothesized that subjects in the SOmaxP groups would outperform the subjects in the CP during post-testing after adjusting for baseline differences. Methods Subjects Twenty subjects, ten in each group, were randomized to receive either SOmaxP or CP during this 9-week study. Key elements of the inclusion criteria included: male Trichostatin A research buy or female subject in good health; aged between 18-45; a body fat of 10%-25% inclusive; who had undergone regular resistance training PF-01367338 molecular weight for at

least two years; who had signed an informed consent; who were willing and able to comply with the training and supplement protocol; possessed normal vital signs; and had a fluent understanding of English. Physical activity levels and health history were determined using standardized questionnaires adapted from Kent State University, Purdue University, and Eastern Michigan University at baseline and weeks 3, 6 and 9. The protocol was in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration, and was approved by the IntegReview Ethical Review Board (Austin, TX). Although the inclusion criteria allowed for female subjects, no females enrolled in the study. The actual age range of subjects who participated in the study was 19-31 years. Key exclusion criteria included: a history of various metabolic conditions or diseases; the concomitant use of a variety

of medications, including but not limited to those with androgenic and/or anabolic effects; the use of nutritional aminophylline supplements known to improve strength and/or muscle mass (e.g., creatine, HMB, androstenedione, DHEA, etc.) within six weeks prior to the start of the study; a weight gain or loss of more than 10 lbs. within the past 30 days; known allergy to any ingredients in SOmaxP Maximum Performance™ or CP; participation in other research studies within the last 30 days; the current use of tobacco products; and the presence of any orthopedic limitations or injuries. Study Design The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. Subjects were matched into two groups according to body mass, age, and resistance training experience. Subjects were then randomly assigned (via the ABBA procedure [5]) to receive either SOmaxP or CP.