1C 8.5.2 We recommend against the use of ARV drugs that are potentially nephrotoxic, in patients with stages 3–5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) if acceptable alternative ARV agents are available. GPP   We recommend dose adjustment of renally cleared ARV drugs in patients with reduced renal function. GPP 8.6.4 We suggest avoiding: ABC, FPV/r and LPV/r in patients with a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, if acceptable alternative ARV drugs are available. 2C 8.7.2 We recommend therapy-naïve HIV-positive women who are not pregnant start ART according to Palbociclib the same indicators as in men (see Section 4: When to Start) 1A 8.7.3 We recommend therapy-naïve

HIV-positive women start ART containing two NRTIs and one of the following: PI/r, NNRTI or INI, as per therapy-naïve HIV-positive men. 1A   We recommend therapy-naïve HIV-positive women start ART with preferred or alternative NRTI backbone and third agent as per therapy-naïve HIV-positive men (see Section 5.1: What to start: summary recommendations). Factors such as potential side effects, co-morbidities, drug interactions, patient preference and dosing convenience need to be considered in selecting ART in individual women. Percentage of patients who confirm they have been given the opportunity to be involved in making decisions about their treatment. Proportion of patients with CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL not on ART. Proportion of patients

with CD4 cell count >350 cells/μL and an indication to start ART on ART. Proportion of patients presenting with an AIDS-defining infection or with a serious Akt assay bacterial infection and a CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL started on ART within 2 weeks of initiation of specific antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Proportion of patients presenting with PHI and neurological involvement, or an AIDS-defining illness or confirmed CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL started on ART. Record in patient's notes of discussion, treatment with ART lowers risk of HIV transmission 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and an assessment of current risk of transmission. Proportion of therapy-naïve patients not starting ART containing two NRTIs and one of the following: PI/r, NNRTI or INI (preferred or alternative agents). Proportion of patients starting ART with TDF/FTC or ABC/3TC as the NRTI backbone. Proportion of patients starting ART with ATV/r, DRV/r, EFV or RAL as the third agent. Proportion of patients with undetectable VL <50 copies/mL at 6 and 12 months after starting ART. Proportion of patients who switch therapy in the first 6 and 12 months. Record in patient’s notes of HLA-B*57:01 status before starting ABC. Record in patient’s notes of discussion and assessment of adherence and potential barriers to, before starting a new ART regimen and while on ART. Record in patient’s notes of provision or offer of adherence support. Record in patient’s notes of potential adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between ARV drugs and other concomitant medications.

1C 8.5.2 We recommend against the use of ARV drugs that are potentially nephrotoxic, in patients with stages 3–5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) if acceptable alternative ARV agents are available. GPP   We recommend dose adjustment of renally cleared ARV drugs in patients with reduced renal function. GPP 8.6.4 We suggest avoiding: ABC, FPV/r and LPV/r in patients with a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, if acceptable alternative ARV drugs are available. 2C 8.7.2 We recommend therapy-naïve HIV-positive women who are not pregnant start ART according to EPZ-6438 purchase the same indicators as in men (see Section 4: When to Start) 1A 8.7.3 We recommend therapy-naïve

HIV-positive women start ART containing two NRTIs and one of the following: PI/r, NNRTI or INI, as per therapy-naïve HIV-positive men. 1A   We recommend therapy-naïve HIV-positive women start ART with preferred or alternative NRTI backbone and third agent as per therapy-naïve HIV-positive men (see Section 5.1: What to start: summary recommendations). Factors such as potential side effects, co-morbidities, drug interactions, patient preference and dosing convenience need to be considered in selecting ART in individual women. Percentage of patients who confirm they have been given the opportunity to be involved in making decisions about their treatment. Proportion of patients with CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL not on ART. Proportion of patients

with CD4 cell count >350 cells/μL and an indication to start ART on ART. Proportion of patients presenting with an AIDS-defining infection or with a serious click here bacterial infection and a CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL started on ART within 2 weeks of initiation of specific antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Proportion of patients presenting with PHI and neurological involvement, or an AIDS-defining illness or confirmed CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL started on ART. Record in patient's notes of discussion, treatment with ART lowers risk of HIV transmission Bacterial neuraminidase and an assessment of current risk of transmission. Proportion of therapy-naïve patients not starting ART containing two NRTIs and one of the following: PI/r, NNRTI or INI (preferred or alternative agents). Proportion of patients starting ART with TDF/FTC or ABC/3TC as the NRTI backbone. Proportion of patients starting ART with ATV/r, DRV/r, EFV or RAL as the third agent. Proportion of patients with undetectable VL <50 copies/mL at 6 and 12 months after starting ART. Proportion of patients who switch therapy in the first 6 and 12 months. Record in patient’s notes of HLA-B*57:01 status before starting ABC. Record in patient’s notes of discussion and assessment of adherence and potential barriers to, before starting a new ART regimen and while on ART. Record in patient’s notes of provision or offer of adherence support. Record in patient’s notes of potential adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between ARV drugs and other concomitant medications.

, 2000; Park et al., 2003; Tanaka, 2004; Wanner, 2006; St-Onge et al., 2008; buy AZD1208 Zhao et al., 2008). Scab disease harms a broad range of root crops, including potato, sweet potato, radish, carrot, sugar beet, and burdock (Loria et al., 1997), with potato scab disease especially causing large economic losses. Diseased potato tubers exhibit characteristic dark-brown, corky lesions. The ugly symptoms of the disease reduce the market value of crops,

causing economic difficulties for potato producers. The causative agents of potato scab disease are multiple species of the genus Streptomyces. Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces acidiscabiei, and Streptomyces turgidiscabiei are the most studied and well-known causal agents (Lambert & Loria, 1989a, b; Miyajima et al., 1998; Kers et al., 2005). To date, these are the only three species of potato scab pathogens reported in Japan. Recent studies

have shown a correlation between the amounts of these pathogens in soils and the incidence of the disease (Koyama et al., 2006; Manome et al., 2008), suggesting that decreasing the quantity of the pathogens in soils could mitigate scab disease damage. Over the decades, physicochemical approaches have been applied to control pathogens and scab disease. For example, methods to reduce soil pH were conventionally used to suppress the disease by inhibiting pathogen growth (Lacey & Wilson, 2001). Soil fumigation using agents Seliciclib manufacturer such as chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), which is detrimental to animal and human health (Ristaino & Averre, 1992), was also adopted to control potato scab disease. Biological control using antagonistic microorganisms is a sustainable and environmentally acceptable management method for numerous pathogens (Punja & Utkhede, 2003; Tian et al., 2007). In the case of potato scab disease, previous studies have mainly focused on antagonists against S. scabiei. Several Streptomyces sp. have N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase been shown to inhibit the growth of S. scabiei (Hayashida et al., 1988; Lorang et al., 1995; Beausejour et al., 2003). Bacillus sp. was also revealed to inhibit the growth and sporulation

of S. scabiei by secreting extracellular compounds (Han et al., 2005). McKenna et al. (2001) reported biological control using a bacteriophage infecting S. scabiei. However, there has only been one report of antagonists against S. turgidiscabiei (Hiltunen et al., 2009), and little is known about antagonists against S. acidiscabiei. In addition, as far as we know, no reports have revealed a fungal antagonist against potato scab pathogens. Fungi are common inhabitants of soil environments, and are generally easy to handle and mass-produce. For this reason, many biological agents using fungi are commercially available for the control of plant diseases, although potato scab disease is not one of them (Punja & Utkhede, 2003; Fravel, 2005; Han et al., 2005). It is also significant that fungi tend to be more resistant than bacteria to acidic conditions (Thompson et al.

Continuous use of ART was the most important determinant of the virological outcome regardless of mode of transmission. We found that the reduction over time in the proportion of patients with low CD4 cell counts was higher in the patients treated for ≥6 months, and similar in the other strata. In fact, upon initiation of ART, immunological reconstitution needs more time to be achieved compared with viral suppression. It is interesting to note that IDUs seemed to benefit less over time in terms of Ku-0059436 in vivo CD4

cell count despite a similar benefit in terms of VL. Before drawing final conclusions, some limitations of this analysis should be discussed. First, Icona typically includes HIV-infected patients who are ART-naïve at enrolment and therefore it depicts the clinical course

of healthier patients than those seen in an average infectious disease clinic in Italy. Therefore, our overall estimate of the effect of ART may be somewhat optimistic compared with that occurring in an unselected population. Secondly, the trends over time may have been affected by loss to follow-up in the cohort. Nevertheless, when we repeated the analysis after excluding patients who had not returned for a visit for some time, we found similar results for the VL outcome and an even stronger effect of calendar year for the CD4 cell count outcome. In conclusion, this analysis confirms that the use of ART in Italian clinics over the last decade has led to a significant decrease in the percentage SB203580 solubility dmso of patients with an adverse viro-immunological prognosis. The decline in the prevalence of a poor virological prognosis was particularly marked when the analysis was restricted to patients who had been treated for ≥6 months. This is reassuring in the light of the fact that ART needs to be taken for life. Of note, we found that IDUs seemed to have experienced virological improvements over time comparable to those observed in patients infected via heterosexual contact, although they seemed to have benefited

less from ART in terms of CD4 cell count response than other transmission groups. M. Moroni (Chair), A. Antinori, G. Carosi, R. Cauda, A. d’Arminio Monforte, G. Di Perri, M. Galli, F. Ghinelli, R. Iardino, G. Ippolito, A. Lazzarin, F. Mazzotta, R. Panebianco, Miconazole G. Pastore and C. F. Perno. A. Ammassari, A. Antinori, C. Arici, C. Balotta, P. Bonfanti, M. R. Capobianchi, A. Castagna, F. Ceccherini-Silberstein, A. Cozzi-Lepri, A. d’Arminio Monforte, A. De Luca, C. Gervasoni, E. Girardi, S. Lo Caputo, F. Maggiolo, R. Murri, C. Mussini, M. Puoti and C. Torti. A. Cozzi-Lepri, I. Fanti, T. Formenti and M. C. F. Prosperi. M. Montroni, A. Giacometti, A. Costantini and A. Riva (Ancona); U. Tirelli and F. Martellotta (Aviano-PN); G. Pastore, N. Ladisa and A. Pierri (Bari); F. Suter and F. Maggiolo (Bergamo); M. Borderi, G. Verucchi and B. Piergentili (Bologna); G. Carosi, G. Cristini, C. Torti, C. Minardi and D.

A total of 779 patients completed the questionnaire (86% of eligible patients). Five hundred and ninety-one (75.9% of 779) participants were prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART). Four hundred and thirty (55.2% of 779) participants had stopped or switched treatments and were eligible for inclusion, of whom 217 (50.5% of 430) fully completed the Concordance Scale. A subset of 160 (73.7% of 217) participants gave consent for the linkage with clinic data. The demographics of this group were comparable to those of the group who did not give consent. Of the 217 participants, 32 (14.7%) www.selleckchem.com/screening-libraries.html were female, 14 (6.5%) were heterosexual male

and 166 (76.5%) were homosexual male; 165 (76%) were White and 48 (22.1%) selleck chemicals llc non-White (Black-African, Asian or mixed/other); 27 (12.4%) had moved to the United Kingdom within the last 5 years and 103 (47.5%) were university educated. The mean age was 41.5 years [standard deviation (SD) 7.6]. In terms of treatment status, 70 (32.3%) had switched treatment once and 113 (52.1%) multiple times. Overall, 34 (15.7%) had stopped treatment (either now or in the past) and 20 (9.2%) had currently stopped treatment. The mean CD4 count was 521.84 cells/μL (SD 239.34 cells/μL; n=143) and 112 (79.4% of 141) had a VL≤50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. In terms of differences between

patients who fully completed the scale (n=217) and those who did not (n=213), White patients (χ2=6.98, P=0.008), homosexual men (χ2=19.49, P<0.001), those who were university educated CYTH4 (χ2=4.87, P=0.027) and those born in the United Kingdom (χ2=10.46, P=0.001) were more likely to complete the scale, as were patients with higher CD4 cell count (Mann–Whitney U=7580, P=0.015) and lower VL (Mann–Whitney U=7393, P=0.013). Higher completion rates were observed for those on treatment than

for those who had stopped (χ2=7.60, P=0.006), and differences in terms of CD4 cell count and VL disappeared once this factor was controlled for using linear (for CD4 cell count) and logistic (for VL≤50 copies/mL) regressions. In addition, patients who completed the scale were less likely to report playing a part in the decision to switch or stop (Mann–Whitney U=15049.5, P=0.016). There were no differences between patients who fully completed the questionnaire and those who did not on other measures, including symptom scores. In order to ensure that concordance ratings did not differ between full completers (n=217) and partial completers (n=118), Mann–Whitney U-tests were carried out on the individual Concordance Scale items to examine differences between these two groups. On nine of the 10 items there were no significant differences in the rating scores, indicating that partial completers were no different from full completers in their ratings.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pharmacists’ experience with a continuing professional development (CPD) course and its impact on pharmacists’ knowledge, confidence and change

in practice. Methods A 12-week CPD course for pharmacists on interpreting laboratory values was delivered as a 2-day interactive workshop followed by three distance-learning sessions. The evaluation explored pharmacists’ knowledge and confidence using laboratory values in practice, changes in practice and effectiveness of course delivery through pre- and post-course surveys and interviews. Key findings Pharmacists’ knowledge about laboratory tests and confidence discussing and using laboratory values in practice significantly improved after course completion. The blended delivery format was viewed positively by course participants. Pharmacists were able to implement learning and Dasatinib purchase make changes in their practice following the course. Conclusions A CPD course for pharmacists on integrating laboratory values improved pharmacists’ knowledge and confidence and produced changes in practice. “
“To determine

the impact of advice provided by UK Medicines Information (MI) services on patient care and outcomes. Healthcare professionals who contacted MI centres with enquiries related to specific patients in 35 UK National Health Forskolin Service hospitals completed questionnaires before and after receiving MI advice. A multidisciplinary expert panel rated the impact in a sample of enquiries. One investigator used the panel’s ratings and principles to rate all enquiries. Of 179 completed questionnaire pairs, 178 (99%) enquirers used the advice provided. Most (145, 81%) judged advice had a positive impact: 110 (61.5%) on patient care, 35 (19.6%) on patient outcome. Medicines Information pharmacists actively advised on issues not previously identified by enquirers in 35 cases (19.6%). The expert panel judged that in 19/20 (95%) cases, advice had a positive impact on patient care or outcome, mainly

Methane monooxygenase due to risk reduction. Agreement was high between expert panel and enquirers’ ratings of impact: 12 (60%) full agreement; 16 (80%) agreement within one point. The investigator’s impact rating of the full sample was positive for 162 (92%) enquiries: 82 (47%) on patient care and 80 (45%) on actual or expected patient outcome. Enquirers and an independent expert panel both determined that MI services provided useful patient-specific advice that impacted positively on patients. Reduction of risk was central to this impact. MI pharmacists frequently identified and advised on issues that clinicians using the service had not recognised themselves, this generally had a positive impact on patients.

S.-bound conveyance (aircraft, ship, or vehicle), or (2) within 72 hours after arriving in the United States, or (3) at any time after arriving in the United States from an illness possibly acquired during

international travel. We extracted the following data from QARS reports: demographics (age and sex), mode of transportation (aircraft, ship, land vehicle, or pedestrian), location of death, travel dates, traveler type (ie, passenger or crew member), citizenship, presence of chronic medical conditions, and cause of death. When data were missing from QARS death reports, we ABT-888 contacted CDC quarantine stations, medical examiners’ offices, and hospitals to complete case reports. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel® database. Causes of death were categorized as cancer, cardiovascular, infectious disease, unintentional injury, intentional injury, and other (Table 1). Death rates for passengers on international

commercial conveyances were calculated for each year, by conveyance type. To present full, continuous yearly data (ie, four quarters) and to adjust for seasonality, we defined year 1 as July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006; year 2 as July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007; and year 3 as July 1, 2007 GSK458 clinical trial to June 30, 2008. We defined quarter 1 as January to March, quarter 2 as April to June, quarter 3 as July to September, and quarter 4 as October to December. To calculate mortality rates for cruise ship passengers, we divided the total number of reported cruise ship passenger deaths that met the case definition by the number of cruise passenger-nights traveled. We calculated the denominator by using data from the many U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) for cruises with an international itinerary and a port of arrival in the United States during years 1, 2, and 3.30 To determine

mortality rates for commercial aircraft passengers, we divided the total number of reported commercial aircraft passenger deaths that met the case definition by the number of airline passengers arriving in the United States from foreign ports. Denominator data were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS).31 Since MARAD and BTS do not collect data for crew members from cruise lines or airlines, respectively, we were unable to calculate crew mortality rates. We conducted bivariate analysis by using likelihood ratio chi-square tests, both asymptotic and exact, to evaluate associations between sex and cause of death. We analyzed monthly, quarterly, and yearly death rates among commercial aircraft and cruise ship passengers from July 2005 through June 2008 by using a general linear regression model in SAS (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) to assess seasonality and trends in death rates over time.

S.-bound conveyance (aircraft, ship, or vehicle), or (2) within 72 hours after arriving in the United States, or (3) at any time after arriving in the United States from an illness possibly acquired during

international travel. We extracted the following data from QARS reports: demographics (age and sex), mode of transportation (aircraft, ship, land vehicle, or pedestrian), location of death, travel dates, traveler type (ie, passenger or crew member), citizenship, presence of chronic medical conditions, and cause of death. When data were missing from QARS death reports, we BMS-907351 order contacted CDC quarantine stations, medical examiners’ offices, and hospitals to complete case reports. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel® database. Causes of death were categorized as cancer, cardiovascular, infectious disease, unintentional injury, intentional injury, and other (Table 1). Death rates for passengers on international

commercial conveyances were calculated for each year, by conveyance type. To present full, continuous yearly data (ie, four quarters) and to adjust for seasonality, we defined year 1 as July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006; year 2 as July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2007; and year 3 as July 1, 2007 Alectinib mouse to June 30, 2008. We defined quarter 1 as January to March, quarter 2 as April to June, quarter 3 as July to September, and quarter 4 as October to December. To calculate mortality rates for cruise ship passengers, we divided the total number of reported cruise ship passenger deaths that met the case definition by the number of cruise passenger-nights traveled. We calculated the denominator by using data from the learn more U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) for cruises with an international itinerary and a port of arrival in the United States during years 1, 2, and 3.30 To determine

mortality rates for commercial aircraft passengers, we divided the total number of reported commercial aircraft passenger deaths that met the case definition by the number of airline passengers arriving in the United States from foreign ports. Denominator data were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS).31 Since MARAD and BTS do not collect data for crew members from cruise lines or airlines, respectively, we were unable to calculate crew mortality rates. We conducted bivariate analysis by using likelihood ratio chi-square tests, both asymptotic and exact, to evaluate associations between sex and cause of death. We analyzed monthly, quarterly, and yearly death rates among commercial aircraft and cruise ship passengers from July 2005 through June 2008 by using a general linear regression model in SAS (SAS 9.2, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) to assess seasonality and trends in death rates over time.

The cultivation medium contained the following (g L−1): (NH4)2SO4, 0.3; CaCl2 · 6H2O, 0.05; MgSO4 · 7H2O, 0.1; NaHCO3, 0.3; 10% phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.1; HEPES buffer (pH 7.0), 3.0; KNO3, 0.3; CH3COONa; 0.15; vitamins and trace elements (Pfennig & Lippert, 1966); agar (Difco), 5.0; pH 6.7 at 30 °C. Before inoculation, 0.2 mL of a freshly IWR-1 purchase prepared FeS suspension (Hanert, 1981) was added to each tube per 10 mL of the medium. The incubation time was 2–3 weeks. The FOB strain Sp-1 was isolated

by terminal 10-fold dilutions in the same agar medium. The colonies were then transferred into liquid medium. Cultivation of the strain Sp-1 and subsequent experiments were carried out in liquid mineral media in anaerobic conditions and in media

supplemented with acetate (when FeSO4 was used as an electron donor). The methods of cells morphology and ultrastructure PD332991 investigation, cultural, analytical and biochemical methods as well as genetic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic methods were described earlier (Sorokina et al., 2012). The polar lipids were analysed by thin-layer chromatography (Kieselgel 60, 10 × 10 cm; Merck, Germany) using the phospholipid standards (Sigma; Bej et al., 1991). All experiments were performed at least three times, in the figures and tables are average results of representative experiments. The number of FOB in the spring water did not exceed 10 cells mL−1, while in the freshly precipitated FeS sediment at the spring outlet, it was as high as 105–107 cells mL−1. The freshly precipitated FeS sediment collected at the border of the redox zone was used as the inoculum. In agar medium, the bacteria formed small (2–3 mm in diameter), loose spherical colonies. The colonies were orange-coloured because of the presence of iron oxides. In liquid medium of the same composition, an

ochreous precipitate was formed at the bottom of the vials. The pure culture of FOB was isolated with 10-fold dilutions of the individual colonies under anaerobic conditions in liquid medium with FeS and nitrates. The cells of strain Sp-1 were short thin vibrios, 0.3 × 0.8–1.3 μm, motile because of a single polar flagellum (Fig. 1a and c). The cells divided by binary fission. On the surface of the cells grown with Fe(II), iron oxides were Aprepitant accumulated (Fig. 1b and d). The Gram reaction was negative. The heavy incrustation of the cells by iron oxides raises a question whether it stops active metabolism and further growth. Despite several suggestions circulating in the literature on possible mechanisms of dealing with the inhibitory influence of iron incrustation on growth and metabolism of anaerobic FOB (Sobolev & Roden, 2001, 2002; Schippers & Jørgensen, 2002; Kappler & Newman, 2004), we believe that the formation of amorphous iron oxides does not significantly influence diffusion of nutrients and cell growth in this group.

kualawohkensis strain KW12, although originating from a hot spring with temperatures 68–69 °C, behaved like a mesophilic organism. Nevertheless, the growing cells, cell suspensions, and the cytoplasmic fraction of the cell-free extract all reduced Cr(VI) more efficiently at higher temperatures. The chromate-reducing selleck kinase inhibitor capability of TSB-6, in spite of its isolation from sediments with undetectable level of Cr(VI), is consistent with earlier reports of Bader et al. (1999), who had enriched chromium-reducing consortia from

a noncontaminated source under mesophilic conditions. There is growing evidence that such organisms reduce Cr(VI) by enzyme(s) having a completely unrelated primary physiological role (Ishibashi et al., 1990; Bader et al., 1999; Gonzalez et al., 2005). Vibrio harveyi nitroreductase NfsA has been shown to possess Cr(VI) reductase activity as a secondary function (Kwak et al., 2003). Our results show a decrease

in the absolute values of ROS with time of incubation even in the control cells. This is not unexpected as oxidative stress changes with the phase of aerobic growth of bacteria (Ihssen & Egli, 2004). However, at each time point of measurement, heat-induced TSB-6 cells had higher ROS than the control cells. Besides, higher quantity of ROS in the induced cells was accompanied by higher Cr(VI)-reducing activity. Our proteomic analysis showed that the heat-induced antioxidative stress response of TSB-6 cells resulted in the upregulation of some proteins

involved in cellular metabolism and however protein folding. Heat adaptive response in B. cereus is known to involve in induction of several proteins including stress proteins and chaperones click here (Periago et al., 2002; Ventura et al., 2006). It is known that besides heat, salt, osmotic condition, ethanol, starvation, and even chromium (VI) compounds can generate oxidative stress in a microorganism through the production of ROS. Antioxidative stress response often involves a set of proteins common to different kinds of stress. Cross-adaptation to heat and salt stresses has been demonstrated (Völker et al., 1992). Some of the proteins upregulated in heat-stressed TSB-6 are known to be associated with metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and energy. Transaldolase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the nonoxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway, which generates NADPH in bacterial cells (Reitzer et al., 1980). Transaldolase catalyzes the reversible transfer of a dihydroxyacetone moiety from fructose-6-phosphate to d-erythrose-4-phosphate, thus forming d-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and releasing d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (Vatanaviboon et al., 2002). In bacteria, soluble oxidoreductases are possibly involved in the electron transport chain and oxidative stress response (Onyenwoke et al., 2009). It has been proposed that quinine oxidoreductases prevent the formation of potentially toxic semiquinone radicals and ROS (Gonzalez et al., 2005).