Regional cerebral blood flow in the left middle cerebral artery INK 128 solubility dmso territory (7 mm lateral and 1 mm posterior to the bregma) was measured at each time point (before and after the onset of ischemia and at reperfusion) using Laser-Doppler flowmetry FLO-N1 (Omegawave Inc., Tokyo, Japan) as described previously (Amemiya et al., 2005). Blood gases, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, and glucose content were measured at 15 min before the first administration and 30 min

after each administration using CG8+ cartridges in a portable blood analyzer (i-STAT 300F, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Data are expressed as means±S.E.M. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Instat (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA). The dose-dependent effects of three administrations of serofendic acid on infarct volume in the cortex or the striatum were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnet’s two-tailed test. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for neurological

deficit scores. Regional cerebral blood flow and physiological parameters were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. Statistical significance was defined as a probability value of less than 5%. This study was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant no. 24390139 and by a grant from the Smoking Research Foundation, Japan. “
“Satiety Sirolimus molecular weight refers to a subjective sense of a loss of motivation to eat after an eating episode (de Graaf, 2011). In modern society, an overwhelming supply of highly rewarding foods that can be quickly eaten often undermines a healthy

control of satiety. In such a food environment, to eat in moderation is often regarded as a healthy diet style, as the saying goes, “Stop short of your appetite.” In Japan, it is traditionally referred to as ‘Hara-Hachibu’, which means Doxacurium chloride a subjective sense by which we decide to stop eating just before the motivation to eat is completely lost (‘Hachibu’ means 80%). Interestingly, this concept is similar to caloric restriction (CR) (a recommended approximately 20% reduction in daily energy intake) which has recently been shown to protect against abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer as well as to have beneficial effects on the aging process (Omodei and Fontana, 2011). The important thing is that we can rarely weigh or calculate the amount of food or calories at every meal in order to adhere to the CR, but in real life, we almost always rely on our own standards for “Stop short of your appetite” philosophy or ‘Hara-Hachibu’ based on the subjective scale of satiety in individuals. Accordingly, this sense is one of the subjective targets for CR in real life. So far, however, little is known about the neural basis of the ‘Hara-Hachibu’ condition and why many people cannot stop eating before they have reached satiety.

The purpose of such a loop would be to maintain hormone homeostasis. mTOR is frequently activated in human cancers [3 and 101]. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant regulation of both cell growth and metabolism significantly contribute to cancer development and progression [102]. The notion of causal changes in metabolism during cancer development is supported by the observation that obesity and diabetes are risk factors for cancer and that diet can affect tumor growth [103, 104, 105, 106 and 107]. For example, hepatic steatosis often leads Selleck Quizartinib to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [108]. Also, metformin, the most commonly prescribed anti-diabetic drug, reduces the incidence of cancer [109 and 110]. As discussed

above, mTOR signaling plays a central role in metabolism. The fact that an mTOR signaling defect can cause both metabolic PLX-4720 datasheet disorders and cancer suggests that mTOR links cancer development and metabolism.

This is supported by the observation that metformin inhibits mTORC1 signaling, via activation of AMPK and REDD1 and a Rag GTPase-sensitive mechanism, in addition to reducing cancer [111, 112 and 113]. A recent study demonstrated that metformin’s anti-proliferative activity is due to a 4E-BP-dependent decrease in translation [114]. mTORC1, via inhibition of 4E-BP, appears to activate translation of pro-oncogenic mRNAs with 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine (5′TOP) motifs [115 and 116]. These data suggest that regulation of 4E-BP by mTORC1 plays a particularly important role in cell proliferation and cancer development. Further supporting

this hypothesis, rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs), which only partly inhibit mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of 4E-BP, are only partly successful as a cancer treatment [117]. On the other hand, ATP competitive mTOR inhibitors that fully inhibit mTOR [110] and therefore also fully inhibit 4E-BP not phosphorylation have stronger antitumor effects [118]. Dowling et al. propose that mTORC1 controls cell proliferation exclusively via 4E-BP while it regulates cell growth via S6K [ 119]. This would mean that in mammalian cells control of cell size and cell cycle progression are independent of each other. However, how proliferation can occur independently of cell growth remains to be clarified. Further evidence suggesting that mTOR links metabolism and cancer is provided by a recent study demonstrating that LTsc1KO mice with hyperactive mTORC1 signaling display metabolic abnormalities, including defects in glucose and lipid homeostasis, and subsequently develop HCC [ 69••, 70•• and 120•]. Interestingly, liver-specific Pten knockout mice, which also exhibit increased mTORC1 activity, develop hepatic steatosis before the onset of liver cancer [ 121]. The tumor suppressor PTEN is also a negative regulator of mTORC2, and mTORC2 is required for the development of prostate cancer induced by Pten loss [ 122].

control (without TiO2 application), ordinary TiO2 (1.6 μ), nano TiO2 with each of six replicates. The TiO2 particles (10 ppm) were exposed by foliar application to avoid direct soil contact using a fine nebulizer (25 mL per pot). The concentration and amount of nanoparticle solution was optimized in a preliminary screening experiment (data not shown here). Plants were harvested after four weeks of foliar application to investigate

phenology and physiological state of plant. To analyze, shoots were cut at the soil surface and roots were carefully shaken to remove excess soil, and clumps of soil trapped between roots were removed, and number of nodules, root length, area and diameter were measured using Delta T Scan Software (Delta Scan, UK). To prepare the sample, roots were dipped in a methylene blue dye for 6 h while shoot length was measured on a meter scale. Biochemical parameter, dehydrogenase enzyme find more assay for microbial activity in rhizosphere was assessed www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html according to Tabatabai [16], and phosphorous mobilizing enzymes including acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was assessed according to Tabatabai and Bremner [17]. In addition to these parameter phytase [15], chlorophyll content [18], soluble leaf protein content [14] and [19] rhizospheric microbial populations

were also assayed. The characteristic of the experimental soils studied are presented in Table 1. The soil was alkaline in nature (pH 7.8) with low electrical conductivity (0.34 dS m−1), organic carbon (0.29%) and NPK contents. Isolated fungal strain was identified as A.flavus designated with laboratory strain TFR7 on the basis of 5.8S rDNA gene (Complex of -18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S) sequence similarity. The gene sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank and got accession no. of strain, JQ675308 which is available on NCBI the database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/383929211). The biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs was carried out by exposure of a precursor salt as bulk TiO2 solution of 10−3 M concentration to extracellular enzyme obtained by A. flavus TFR 7 in an aqueous solution. The reaction was carried out for 36 h. Synthesized nanoparticles were

characterized for morphological analyses. Particle size distribution was analyzed by DLS. Histogram shows average particle size (based on intensity distribution) ranges from 18 nm ( Fig. 1). The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.302 reflects monodisperse mafosfamide nature of the particle. Since DLS measure hydrodynamic diameter, so it was further confirmed with TEM analysis. TEM measurements showed well distribution of TiO2 NPs with the average size of 12–15 nm (Fig. 2). Difference in size measurement of TEM and DLS is due to hydrodynamic core that surrounds the particle when dispersed in solvent. The crystal and lattice structure of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs can be observed in HR-TEM micrograph (Fig. 3). The EDS spectrum (full scan mode) of drop coated TiO2 NPs shown in Fig. 4, confirms the purity of titanium metal.

For some, SSF has provided a shield against numerous political conflicts and disturbances in the West Africa

region. In 1989 for example, Upper-Guinea experienced dramatic population in-migration following the onset of fighting in Liberia [27]. By 1995, the total estimated refugee population in Guinea alone was over 500,000, and despite a series of cease-fires and peace agreements, the prospects for repatriation remained bleak. Cabuno camp indeed highlights the difficulty in distinguishing between ‘migrant fisher’ and ‘political refugee who happens to fish’. This challenge remains central, given that various re-current political crises in this region today render moving off the Bijagós Archipelago a formidable proposition. For many ‘Late Starter (push)’ entrants SSF has provided a ‘last-resort’ option [49]. However, these workers also harbour multiple-skills, entrepreneurship and adaptable employment experience.

Findings from selleck screening library Cabuno camp therefore question the use of the term ‘unskilled’ in describing those for whom fishing is a ‘last resort’. Other ‘late starters’ to SSF describe a new monetary appeal. This is not altogether surprising given that unemployment in the region is rife [42]. Some fish catch groups provide cheap protein supplies; others are subject to significant growth in global demand and value [16] and [61]. That former diamond miners are now fishing illustrates this fact [6]. For these ‘Late Starter (pull)’ members, entry emerges as a calculated decision not based upon circumstances of threat in IDH phosphorylation the midst of conflict, but personal interpretations of financial gain. As exemplified elsewhere, it is therefore not only the immediate influence of war, but also the resounding effects of

economies recovering after war and available alternative employment options Enzalutamide which can influence movements into fishing [64]. At the juncture between wealth and welfare approaches to SSF management, ‘hard choices’ still linger [11] and [14]. Empirical evidence from Cabuno contributes to this debate by indicating that attempts to capture any ‘inherent wealth’ [90] will most likely gloss-over broader fisheries management problems inside the Bijagós region. This is explained in terms of three main factors. Firstly, over several successive decades of region-wide post-colonial conflict and political upheaval, SSF has presented a critical opportunity (a safety-net or alternative labour opportunity) to trained and displaced workers from West African tertiary (service) industries [14]. Furthermore, access to SSF has lessened the burden of poverty for these workers and their dependents [46]. These life-histories of Cabuno camp residents, which illustrate extensive geographic, temporal and occupational mobility in addition to region-wide fishing experience, do not therefore support the notion that simple access-restrictions to the ‘unskilled’ will solve wider fisheries problems in this locale [85].

At word onset, ERP epochs of 400 ms were extracted to compare perception of high and low tones. Since JAK phosphorylation suffix onset occurred more than 200 ms after epoch offset, words involving both matching and mismatching suffixes were used, yielding 60 epochs per subject and condition. At suffix onset, 30 epochs of 600 ms were extracted per subject and condition. A 100 ms prestimulus time window was used for baseline correction. Epochs exceeding±100 μV after compensation for eye artifacts using independent component analysis (Jung et al., 2000) were rejected,

M=11%, SD=14% for word onset, M=10%, SD=14% for suffix onset. To test the hypotheses, ERP averages of all unrejected epochs of nine regions of interest (RoIs) in three different time windows were submitted to repeated measures ANOVAs. At word onset, test factors were tone Daporinad chemical structure (high, low), antpost (anterior, central, posterior), and laterality (left, mid, right). The time windows 100–150 ms

(N1) and 200–300 ms (P2) were used based on previous findings (Roll et al., 2010 and Roll and Horne, 2011). Since visual inspection suggested an earlier onset of the P2 effect, we also included an intermediate analysis time window between 160 and 200 ms. At suffix onset, the factor suffix (high tone-inducing, low tone-inducing) was added, and a 400–550 ms time window was tested based on previous findings and visual inspection (Roll et al., 2010). Significant and marginal interactions were broken down by the topographical

factor. Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used when applicable. All and only significant effects are reported. RoIs (Fig. 2) were left anterior (electrodes 25, 22, 32, 26, 23, 34, 33, 27, 24, 28, 20), mid anterior (21, 14, 15, 16, 18, 10, 19, 11, 4, 12, 5), right anterior (9, 8, 3, 2, 1, 124, 123, 122, 118, 117, 116), left central (29, 35, 30, 40, 36, 41, 46, 42, 37, 47, 53), mid central (13, 6, 112, 7, 106, 31, 129, 80, 55, 54, 79), right central (111, 105, 110, 104, 103, 109, Bacterial neuraminidase 87, 93, 86, 98, 102), left posterior (50, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70), mid posterior (61, 78, 62, 67, 77, 72, 71, 76, 75, 74, 82), and right posterior (92, 85, 97, 101, 91, 84, 96, 85, 90, 95, 89). This work was supported by Grants 2011-27071-84117-67 and 421-2009-1773 from the Swedish Research Council. “
“The authors regret an error which was found on page 91, Section 2.7.2, in the last sentence. It should read, “There was a significant difference in effect size relative to the age of the sample with larger positive effects observed for high school, adult, and older adult samples and a smaller (but still significantly different from zero) effect observed for young adult samples”. “
“The authors regret that the name of the fifth author, Mingke Song, is misspelled in the published version as Minke Song. The name appears correctly above. “
“Neurobionics is the direct interfacing of electronic devices with the nervous system.

The 2.75 J stimulus elicited a mean rating of 3.5 ± 1.0 J, and the 3.25 J stimulus a mean rating of 5.7 ± 1.2 J. Stimuli were delivered to the left hand dorsum, at either a proximal or a distal locus. The proximal and distal loci were separated by 15 mm with approximately 8 mm between the centres

of each site on the proximal or distal line (see Fig. 1). This distance was selected both on the basis of previous studies (Porro et al., 2007; Schlereth et al., 2001) and our pilot study, to elicit an intermediate level of accuracy, avoiding both floor and ceiling effects. After each stimulus mTOR inhibitor participants had to judge whether it was of ‘high’ or ‘medium’ intensity, or whether it was on the ‘proximal’ or ‘distal’ locus (see Experimental procedure for details). TMS mapping was conducted in an initial session prior to the main experiment. The motor threshold for each participant was determined by delivering single TMS pulses with a Magstim 200 magnetic stimulator (Magstim, Whitland, Dyfed, UK) using a figure-of-eight

coil. The hand motor ‘hotspot’ in the right hemisphere was located by first marking 5 cm lateral and 1 cm posterior to the vertex. The coil was then moved in anterioposterior and mediolateral directions Androgen Receptor phosphorylation from this location in a 1 × 1 cm grid, delivering single TMS pulses at each site, until motor twitches were obtained in the resting left hand in three out of five successive trials (confirmed by participants’ report and experimenter’s observation). The mean stimulator output required to elicit motor twitches was 44.8 ± 6.0% of maximum.

For the experimental conditions an intensity Edoxaban of 110% of the resting motor threshold was used for all stimulated brain areas (S1, S2 and vertex). The skull vertex was used as a sham stimulation site, to control for the nonspecific effects of TMS such as auditory and sensory artefacts. In sham stimulation, the coil was rotated vertically so that no actual magnetic stimulation was delivered to the brain. S1 was located by moving the coil posteriorly from M1 until no detectable motor twitches occurred, based on both experimenter observation and reports by the participant. This location was on average 2.4 ± .6 cm posterior to the M1 hotspot. A number of previous studies have localised S1 using this method (Bolognini et al., 2011; Porro et al., 2007). S2 was located as 2.5 cm anterior and 6.5 cm superior to the right preauricular point, again in accordance with previous studies (Bolognini et al., 2011; Kanda et al., 2003). In addition, in nine participants these locations were confirmed by using high-resolution structural scans and a neuronavigation system (Brainsight, Magstim, Whitland, Dyfed, UK). We checked in these participants that the stimulated locations corresponded to the Talairach co-ordinates of S1 and S2 previously localised through functional procedures (see Fig. 2).

, 2004). Although plastic films have excellent strength and flexibility properties, their use has a negative environmental impact since they are crude petroleum, which is an exhaustible, non-biodegradable raw material (Souza & Andrade, 2000). Thus, there is great interest in development of edible or biologically degradable biofilms. According to Azeredo (2003), biofilms made from polysaccharides are bright and transparent,

improving the visual appearance of products such as vegetables, and are not sticky. As they are non-toxic, these films can be eaten along with the protected product or removed with water. They are considered low-cost commercial products, as well. Edible films have proven to be effective in improving the quality of whole and minimally processed fruit (García, Martino, & Zaritzky, 1998), avoiding water loss and retarding degradation Raf pathway of fruits and vegetables. Microbial growth and deterioration was slowed after application of edible cellulose-based films on minimally processed carrots during a 12 day period at 10 °C

(Emmambux & Minnaar, 2003). The cultivation of yams (Dioscorea spp.) has great socioeconomic importance for the Northeast region of Brazil, and is a very promising agricultural business, Navitoclax given the excellent nutritional quality and energy of the tubers. Yam tubers are an excellent food source, high in energy, minerals and carbohydrates, especially starch. Therefore, the use of yam starch for the preparation of biofilms may be significant for the Northeast, thus avoiding loss of the tuber in natura. Yam starch, when compared to starches from potatoes, rice and cassava, has a Urease higher mean amylose content (Mali, Grossmann, García, Martino, & Zaritzky, 2002, 2004, 2005). The application of starches in production of films is based on the chemical, physical and functional properties of the amylose in forming gels and on their capacity for forming films. Amylose molecules in solution tend to line up in a parallel manner. Consequently, the affinity of the polymer for water is reduced, favoring the formation of opaque pastes and

resistant films (Wurzburg, 1986), which may draw near to the mechanical characteristics of polyethylene. Hydrogels can be derived from polysaccharides, yielding fine textured gels at low polymer concentration, or from proteins at higher polymer concentrations. These gels have a low solid content and therefore require extensive drying. However, gel dehydration studies have been reported in the food science literature (Rassis, Saguy, & Nussinovitch, 2000). Glycerol is a hydrophilic plasticizer widely used in the preparation of biodegradable films. The plasticizer interacts with the starch chains, increasing molecular mobility and consequently the hydrophilicity and flexibility of plastic films (Mali et al., 2004).

Indeed, the title of the 16S rRNA gene sequence information under the DDBJ/NCBI/EBI accession number M88138 (ATCC43879) is still ‘Helicobacter sp. “Flexispira taxon 8” 16S ribosomal RNA gene’. This information may be a cause of misunderstanding and the researcher should carefully read both the title and the annotated text. Other provisional names, “Helicobacter westmeadii” [14] and “Helicobacter sp. strain Mainz,” have been assigned to H. cinaedi [15]. H. cinaedi was first isolated from rectal swabs obtained from homosexual men with proctitis, proctocolitis, and enteritis [1], www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html but the number of reports

of H. cinaedi infection has been steadily growing throughout the last two decades. Because early reports mainly described the isolation of these microorganisms from homosexual men or immunocompromised patients, and their presence was attributed to human immunodeficiency virus infection, agammaglobulinemia, or some other underlying disease [16], [17], [18], [19], [20] and [21], the organisms were thought to be related to specific hosts. Recently, however, given that increasing numbers

of infections have also been reported in immunocompetent patients [22], [23], [24] and [25], the patient group affected by H. cinaedi is larger than originally thought. In Japan, the first report describing the isolation of H. cinaedi was published in 2003 [26]. Since Exoribonuclease then, isolation of this microorganism Selleckchem CB-839 has been reported in patients regardless of gender and within a wide age range, from newborns to the elderly, by many hospitals throughout the country. Matsumoto et al. [27] reported that the H. cinaedi positive rate in blood cultures was 0.06% (6/16,743 samples) of total blood samples and 0.22% (6/2718 samples)

of blood samples with any positive culture, based on a prospective multicenter analysis in 13 hospitals over 6 months in Tokyo. This microorganism is not a clinically scarcity. Indeed, we have encountered many cases of H. cinaedi cellulitis and bacteremia that occurred continuously in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent subjects in hospitals. Now, we recognize that this microorganism should be considered a causative agent of nosocomial infection [24], [28] and [29]. The association of this microorganism with a variety of human infections is receiving a growing amount of attention. H. cinaedi infection causes many kinds of symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, proctitis, diarrhea, erysipelas, cellulitis, arthritis, neonatal meningitis, and bacteremia [30]. Recently, a case of meningitis in a healthy adult and that of an axillobifemoral bypass graft infection in an immunocompetent patient were also reported [31] and [32]. Numerous reports have described bacteremia caused by H. cinaedi rather than by other Helicobacter species.

Our meta-analysis suggested that PRP injection significantly

improved the functional status, relative to basal evaluations, in patients with knee degenerative pathology, and the beneficial effect was maintained for 1 year after treatment. The major concern regarding our pooled effect sizes is the overestimation of true values because of a lack of control treatments. Only 1 of the included trials used saline as a placebo control, whose effect size was −.29 (95% CI, −.68 to .10) at 2 months and −.48 (95% CI, −.89 to −.07) at 6 months. We believed that the estimated effect of saline injection Selleckchem CH5424802 was reliable since it was derived from a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The result implies a gradual Enzalutamide chemical structure functional decline with a significant deterioration identified at 6 months after placebo treatment. In contrast, the PRP group revealed a continual improvement until 12 months. Therefore, the present meta-analysis suggests that the effectiveness of PRP derived from a biological benefit, which could not simply be explained by a placebo effect. The HA effect size pooled in the present meta-analysis indicated that the efficacy reached a highest point at 2 months after injection but declined over time. The change in HA efficacy is comparable to that found in

previous meta-analytic research despite a greater effect size,5 and 39 since we used the patients’ baseline as the reference point and included more small, uncontrolled trials. Current evidence suggests a modest effect of HA in relieving pain in patients with knee OA probably through the mechanism of viscosupplementation and modulation of the early inflammatory response.6 Compared with the HA group, patients treated with PRP demonstrated better effectiveness at 2 time points, and the trend of improvement Idelalisib was sustained until 12 months (see fig 4). The advantage of PRP over HA remained at 6 months, even when only the results from randomized controlled trials were analyzed. In vitro experiments have

demonstrated the capability of PRP in the temporary modulation of cytokine levels and stimulation of chondral anabolism, which may lead to short-term pain relief and long-term functional improvement, respectively.40 When comparing the temporal changes in clinical outcomes between the 2 regimens, PRP injections provided a more prompt symptomatic relief than HA. Since the main action of HA derives from the restoration of viscoelasticity of synovial fluid, the prolonged efficacy of PRP might imply a regenerating or disease-modifying potential, which has rarely been reported in studies using HA preparations. Several factors mentioned by antecedent research might modify the effect of PRP injections. In terms of the study design, the pooled effect sizes in single-arm and quasi-experimental studies were likely to be higher than that in randomized controlled trials.

The link between philosophy, methodology and methods will be explored in the next paper. “
“pCLE is an imaging technology, enabling optical biopsy, or in vivo histology. The definitive results of the EMID study are presented here, comparing optical biopsies with definitive histology. From July 2007 to May 2012, 61 patients with a biliary stricture without any previous histology were included (mean age 67 years old, 26 women, 33 men). Pre-operating

imaging findings were available (MRI or scanner). An endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) had to be conducted before the ERCP procedure. The pCLE this website imaging was done during the ERCP procedure. The pCLE miniprobe was the CholangioFlex (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, France). This probe has a 0.96mm diameter, a 55 microns imaging depth, and a 400-fold magnification. It was introduced into a 8.5F double lumen catheter (Cook Endoscopy, or MTW), positioned in the

bile duct on a 0.035 inches guide wire. A 2.5ml injection of fluorescein 10 % was necessary Y-27632 manufacturer to obtain interpretable images.The pCLE criteria used were the Miami classification criteria (large vessels with double circulation, dark cells aggregates, thick dark bands with irregular branches, epithelium). Results were compared to definitive histology obtained by biopsy or surgery in case of malignant lesions, and by surgery or 1-year follow-up in case of benign lesions. Six patients were excluded from the study because no definitive histology was available. There were 41 malignant lesions, 14 benign lesions.The biopsies are the tissue samplings obtained by ERCP or EUS.19 patients had a biliary stricture without individualized mass on pre-operating imaging findings (6 malignant lesions, 13 benign lesions). The addition of a pCLE procedure in the diagnostic histological examination of a biliary stricture enables to significantly increase the diagnostic reliability. Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV Accuracy pCLE 88% 79% 92% 69% 85% Brushing+Biopsies 76% 79% 91% 52% 76%⁎ pCLE+Brushing+

Biopsies 100% 71% 91% 100% 93%⁎ ⁎ The diagnostic difference regarding the diagnostic reliability is statistically significant (p=0.03). The biopsies are the tissue samplings obtained by ERCP or EUS. 19 patients had a biliary stricture Morin Hydrate without individualized mass on pre-operating imaging findings (6 malignant lesions, 13 benign lesions). “
“Iatrogenic transsection of Common Bile Duct (CBD) is a troublesome complication of open or laparoscopic hepatic-biliary surgery. Difficulty in promptly recognizing and technically demanding surgery makes the primary repair a difficult option. However surgery proposed (hepatico-jejunostomy or end-to-end choledocal anastomosis) carries high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this report is to share our experience of Extra-Anatomical Endoscopic-Radiological reconstruction (EAERr) of iatrogenic injured CBD.