Table 3 Use of PPIs or H2RAs and risk of hip fracture, by daily dose Use before PPI H2RA Adjusteda OR (95% CI) Adjusteda OR (95% CI) Never 1.00 1.00 Current use 1.20 (1.04–1.40) 1.19 (1.00–1.42) Average daily dose, DDD First time user 1.29 (0.79–2.09) 1.40 (0.78–2.51) <1.00 1.21 (0.93–1.57) 0.93 (0.73–1.18)b 1.00–1.75

1.12 (0.88–1.42) 1.67 (1.21–2.31)b >1.75 1.35 (1.02–1.77) 1.57 (0.89–2.77) OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, DDD defined daily dosage aAdjusted for the same confounders listed in Table 2 bWald statistic: the risk of hip fracture is statistically Atezolizumab purchase significantly lower among current H2RA users with <1.00 DDD compared with current H2RA users with 1.00–1.75 DDD (P < 0.05) Table 4 shows the risk of selleck chemicals hip fracture among current PPI users when stratifying according to concomitant use of oral glucocorticoids. Table 4 Use of PPIs or H2RAs and risk of hip fracture, by exposure

to oral corticosteroids   Cases (n = 6,763) % Controls (n = 26,341) % Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusteda OR (95% CI) PPI use

before Never 5,810 85.9 23,430 88.9 1.00 1.00 Current use 305 4.5 773 2.9 1.62 (1.41–1.86) 1.20 (1.04–1.40) By oral corticosteroid use in the 6 months beforeb Unexposed 256 3.8 682 Fludarabine research buy 2.6 1.54 (1.33–1.79)c 1.19 (1.02–1.40) <7.5 mg/day 21 0.3 47 0.2 1.86 (1.11–3.12) 1.31 (0.77–2.22) 7.5–15 mg/day 12 0.2 20 0.1 2.51 (1.21–5.18) 1.91 (0.90–4.07) ≥15 mg/day 13 0.2 14 0.1 3.67 (1.72–7.84)c 2.35 (1.07–5.20) H2RA use before Never 5,624 83.2 22,545 85.6 1.00 1.00 Current use 196 2.9 520 2.0 1.52 (1.28–1.80) 1.19 (1.00–1.42) By oral corticosteroid use in the 6 months beforeb Unexposed 165 2.4 468 1.8 1.42 (1.19–1.71) 1.18 (0.98–1.43) <7.5 mg/day 16 0.2 24 0.1 2.64 (1.39–4.99) 1.73 (0.90–3.35) 7.5–15 mg/day 9 0.1 16 0.1 2.29 (1.01–5.19) 1.43 (0.61–3.38) ≥15 mg/day 5 0.1 6 0.0 3.59 (1.09–11.78) 2.34 (0.68–8.06) OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval aAdjusted for same confounders listed in Table 2 cCorticosteroids by prednisolone equivalents; data not shown for patients with only 1 oral steroid dispensing before the index date dWald statistic: the risk of hip fracture is statistically significantly higher among PPI users exposed to corticosteroids ≥15 mg/day compared with PPI users unexposed to corticosteroids (P < 0.05) Stratification according to sex showed that risk of fracture was statistically significantly higher among current PPI users who were men, AOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.16–2.12), compared to women AOR 1.12 (95% CI 0.94–1.32) with a P value <0.05.