Most moths use either of two types of compounds, aliphatic or alkenyl compounds, as sex pheromones. As previous studies on the neuroanatomy of

moths have mostly been carried out using moths that use aliphatic compounds, information on the brain of moths that use alkenyl compounds is scarce. Here, we describe the brain anatomy of the male lichen-feeding moth Eilema japonica (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), which uses a mixture of alkenyl compounds as a sex pheromone. We reconstructed Daporinad molecular weight the major neuropils in the midbrain of E. japonica and compared them with those of the silkmoth, which uses an aliphatic derivative as a sex pheromone. The brain organization of the two species was basically similar, except for the size of the macroglomerular complex, where pheromone information is processed. The macroglomerular complex in E. japonica consisted of four large glomeruli, which were positioned along dorsoventral and anterior-posterior axes. The

glomerulus at the site of entry of the antennal nerve was shown to have the largest volume. The number of glomeruli was equal to the number of pheromone components that are crucial for orientation behavior in E. japonica. NeuroReport 23:857-861 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“One of the most consistently reported brain regions of structural and functional difference in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder buy AZD3965 (ADHD) is the basal ganglia, Vorinostat supplier particularly the caudate nucleus. Examining the structural organization of the basal ganglia in ADHD is important because it is the center of wider fronto-striatal networks, reported to be dysfunctional in ADHD. Fifteen right-handed 8- to 18-year-old males with ADHD-combined type and 15 right-handed,

age- and performance IQ-matched healthy males underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Caudate, putamen and thalamus were manually identified as regions of interest (ROIs) and tested for differences in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. Measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) showed the expected increase with age within the whole-brain volume and within putamen and thalamus ROIs for both ADHD and control groups. In the caudate nucleus, however, developmental changes in FA with age were significantly different between ADHD and control groups. This study shows that the developmental trajectory of micro-structural organization within the caudate nucleus is different in children with ADHD compared with controls over ages 8-18 years. We suggest that the difference in developmental trajectories arises predominantly during mid-late adolescence and may reflect a developmental delay that begins to normalise over this critical late adolescent age. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Using event-related potential measures, the present study investigated the affective responses to aesthetic experience.