In this study, we highlighted the in

vivo accumulation of silicon-based QDs and described the histological changes that occurred in the hepatic tissue of the gibel carp. We also focused on revealing the biochemical alterations that appeared. We evaluated the GSH concentration and the levels of oxidative stress markers such as: malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl derivates of proteins (CP), protein sulfhydryl groups (PSH), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Additionally, we concentrated on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) buy Ulixertinib due to their key roles in antioxidant defense. Methods Chemicals Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate disodium salt (NADP+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt (NADPH), and

1,1,3,3-tetramethoxy propane were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The Detect X® Glutathione Colorimetric Detection Kit was purchased from Arbor Assay (Michigan, USA), and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was from Loba-Chemie (Mumbai, India). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), which were of analytical grade. Nanoparticles The nanoparticles used in our experiment have a crystalline silicon (Si) core covered by an amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) surface. The Si/SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by pulsed laser ablation technique [37]. The particles are spherical with a crystalline Si core covered with a 1- to 1.5-nm thick amorphous Sirolimus SiO2 layer. The diameter of the QDs was estimated by transmission electron microscopy image analysis. The size distribution is a lognormal function, with diameters in the range

between 2 and 10 nm, with the arithmetic mean value of about 5 nm. The photoluminescent PRKACG emission measured at room temperature reached maximum intensity at approximately 690 nm (approximately 1.8 eV) [38]. A suspension of nanoparticles (2 mg/mL) prepared in 0.7% NaCl was used in the current experiment. Animal and experimental conditions The freshwater carp C. gibelio with a standard length of 13 ± 2 cm, weighing 90 ± 10 g were acquired from the Nucet Fishery Research Station, Romania. The fish were allowed to adjust to laboratory conditions for 3 weeks prior to the experiment. The fish were reared in dechlorinated tap water at a temperature of 19 ± 2°C and pH 7.4 ± 0.05, dissolved oxygen 6 ± 0.2 mg/L (constant aeration), and CaCO3 175 mg/L, with a 12-h photoperiod. Fish were fed pellet food at a rate of 1% of the body weight per day. Animal maintenance and experimental procedures were in accordance with the Guide for the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals[39], and efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of specimens used.