However to understand the factors influencing the development of these abilities, data are required from species that differ in their socioecology from ravens and western scrub-jays. In the current study, we tested the caching and pilfering behaviour of territorial Eurasian jays in two social contexts. In one context, subjects competed with a dominant conspecific, while in the other the same individuals interacted with a subordinate competitor. When subordinate, birds initially suppressed caching, before caching more in less exposed locations. In contrast, when socially dominant, birds cached more and moved

items multiple times. As subordinate pilferers, birds took longer to approach cache sites and approached when the cacher was at a distance, while when dominant, birds rapidly approached the conspecifics’ cache sites, frequently when the cacher was still in the process selleck chemicals of caching. Individual jays therefore flexibly switched caching and pilfering tactics in response to the relative dominance Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library chemical structure of their competitor. We discuss the implications of our results for competing theories on the origin of behavioural flexibility and its underlying complex cognition in the corvid lineage. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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“BRAITH, R.W., D.P. CASEY, and D.T. BECK. Enhanced external counterpulsation for ischemic heart disease: a look behind the curtain. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 145-152, 2012. Enhanced external

counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment for patients with coronary artery disease who have angina pectoris that is refractory to pharmacotherapy and revascularization. The popular concept is that EECP may promote collateral development Bcl-2 inhibitor and improve myocardial perfusion. We hypothesize that improvements in peripheral arterial function are responsible for the clinical benefits of EECP.”
“The effect of varying levels of phosphorus (P) on Isochrysis galbana U4 growth, pigmentation and lipid accumulation were investigated. A reduction in the P content to 25% of the recommended level for f/2 medium did not lead to declines in cell growth rates or lipid accumulation levels relative to the cultures maintained on medium supplemented with the normal P dose. Evidence suggesting that the recommended P supply in f/2 exceeds the requirements for maximal algal growth has obvious economic implications for the mass production of I. galbana for biodiesel production. When P supply was in excess this species was also found to accumulate intracellular levels of P that exceeded by up to 6 times its P requirements for growth and cell division. The reduction in P concentration to levels below 25% resulted in P starvation stimulated chlorophyll reductions and carotenoid and lipid accumulation in this species. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.