g., [31], [78] and [79]. The snails present (Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei) are endemic to hydrothermal vent ecosystems and are found at other

vent fields in Manus Basin and elsewhere in the South Pacific region. The natural disturbance regime is considered to be relatively intense at Solwara 1, with the warm water flows on which the snail holobionts depend subject to clogging, sealing, or other disruptions on annual or sub-annual timescales. The faunal assemblage associated with these hydrothermal vents is thought to be Belnacasan in vivo relatively resilient, with species having life history characteristics that allow for rapid colonization of suitable habitat and subsequent rapid growth and reproduction [61]. For San Francisco Bay saltmarsh restoration, all of the socio-economic, ecological, and technological decision parameters listed in Table 1 favor or likely favor the current restoration efforts [45] and [46]. This observation is borne out by California Law AB 2954, which established the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority in 2008 with overwhelming public support, despite the $1.43 billion-dollar price tag of restoration (Environmental News Service 28 August 2007 “Cost to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands—$1.43 Billion”). Salt marshes generate ecosystem goods and services that are part of daily life for people living in the San Francisco area

including shoreline protection, recreational and commercial Pifithrin�� opportunities, and wildlife. The remoteness of the deep sea and the general lack of awareness on the part of the public about the deep sea suggest that a socio-economic case for restoration may not be as easy to make for deep-sea restoration as for coastal restoration (Table 1). Within the deep sea, the link between socio-economic pressures to restore (e.g., benefits from restored goods and services, regulatory requirements, societal pressure) depends on the circumstance. For example, stony corals from the Darwin Mounds (Box 1) are beyond the experience of most people, but they do provide habitat for commercially important fish and may offer future

opportunities for pharmaceutical and materials research [47]. The Solwara 1 hydrothermal vent site (Box 1) and other hydrothermal vents are also generally far removed from public perception, apart from C59 concentration scientific stakeholders, bioprospectors, and documentary film makers, but may offer scientific and societal benefits, including knowledge and education [48], [49] and [50]. Restoration of the Darwin Mounds corals or the Solwara 1 hydrothermal vent site will not have wider socio-economic impact (e.g., job creation) in the way that restoration of the San Francisco Bay wetlands will. More difficult to quantify, but extremely important, are existence values of deep-sea ecosystems, which contribute to perceived ecosystem benefits and may favor decisions to restore.