Both of these groups of activities, carried out by stakeholders what we can call the ‘Inputters’ HDAC inhibitor and the ‘Extractors’, occur within the system being managed and so are regarded as Endogenic Managed Pressures, in which we need to control the causes and consequences. However, in the case of discharges to catchments (e.g. nutrients, persistent pollutants) outside the sea area being managed, these are also Exogenic Unmanaged Pressures in which we respond to the consequences without necessarily addressing the causes (Elliott 2011). Those

‘Inputters’ and ‘Extractors’ thus encompass the uses and users of the marine system. The third group of wider pressures such as global climate change will also be regarded as Exogenic Unmanaged Pressures, Selleckchem GSI-IX i.e. the cause is not within the sea or ecoregion being managed but globally although marine management and the response to the consequences of climate change, such as building sea-defences to accommodate increased storminess

or water retention areas to accommodate relative sea-level rise, has to be within the management area. Marine management is required to deliver the Ecosystem Services which, following the input of complementary assets and human capital such as time, money, energy and skills, can then be translated into and deliver Societal Benefits (Atkins et al., 2011). For example, the marine system can maintain the ecological and hydrological processes to produce sediments, invertebrates and fish but society has to expend complementary assets (by building boats and infrastructure) to catch, process and consume those fish. Rapamycin Hence the uses and users may affect another major group of stakeholders (‘Affectees’), for example by restricting the available area for other activities,

but provide the goods and benefits for the ‘Beneficiaries’) (Fig. 2). The actions of the users and the repercussions of the uses are then controlled by a system of governance (defined here as the politics, policies, administration and legislation of the system) and particularly by the ‘Regulators’ as a blanket-term for all stakeholders involved in that governance. Such a governance needs to operate at levels from the local to the national to the regional to the wider ecoregion and ultimately to global scales and thus constitute the Response in DPSIR to the problems created (Boyes and Elliott, 2014b). Hence we need vertical integration throughout those levels of governance across the geopolitical levels – for example, within Europe, global agreements such as those emanating from the UN Law of the Sea or the International Maritime Organisation, will filter through Regional Seas Conventions such as the OSPAR or HELCOM and the European Commission down to national legislatures and even to local bylaws and agreements (Boyes and Elliott, 2014b). The above indicates what we might consider elements of a generic typology of stakeholders to which we should also add the ‘Influencers’, i.e.