Thus, it seems reasonable to think that Selleckchem Enzalutamide any additional anabolic effect of Cr supplementation on muscle hypertrophy can be attributed to an enhanced ability to train under high intensity and not to a direct effect on muscle. Previous studies have used the synergist ablation model to investigate the additional hypertrophy effect of Cr on skeletal muscle, independently of a higher workload in Cr-supplemented muscles. Moreover, these studies used indirect methods (muscle dry and wet weight) and small muscle biopsies to measure the increase in muscle mass. The advantages of our study

compared with previous studies in this area include full control over the environmental conditions of the subjects (temperature, food and Cr intake, and subjects’ motivation during training and lifestyle) and the direct analysis of muscle hypertrophy by measurement of the muscle fibers CSA. To our knowledge, we are showing, for the first time, that muscle Cr loading does not promote any additional hypertrophic effect on the oxidative slow-twitch soleus muscle fiber CSA when Cr-supplemented muscles are subjected to the same workload than Cr-nonsupplemented muscles. This rejects the hypothesis of this study that the beneficial effect of muscle GSI-IX in vitro Cr loading on muscle hypertrophy

is independent of a greater training intensity for Cr-supplemented muscle in relation to Cr-nonsupplemented muscles. Our findings indicate that any benefits of Cr supplementation on hypertrophy gains during resistance training might not be related to a direct anabolic effect on the

skeletal muscle. A limitation of this study was the absence of a Cr-supplemented trained group that performed the training with an overload higher than Cr-nonsupplemented trained group. This group could support the idea that Cr-supplemented muscles can train at a higher intensity than Cr-nonsupplemented muscles and, consequently, exhibit a greater hypertrophic response. Another limitation was the lack of Erythromycin tissue analysis to determine the levels of muscle Cr. Moreover, other analyses (eg, molecular and functional analyses) could be undertaken to support the morphometrical data. Future studies will be conducted to investigate the exact mechanisms by which Cr can promote an increase in muscle mass in different skeletal muscles as well as the possible relationship between the increased amount of Cr loading in muscles and the stimulation of hypertrophy-related myogenic pathways. In conclusion, we reject the hypothesis that Cr supplementation promotes an additional hypertrophic effect on the skeletal muscle independent of a greater training intensity on Cr-supplemented muscle in relation to Cr-nonsupplemented muscles.