The donor column refers to Typhimurium strains used as DNA sources for the transformation of E. coli TOP10 or DH5α. The SN-38 Xba I column indicates the check details Cluster name in which the donor strain was placed in the previously published PFGE- Xba I restriction dendrogram [16]. The CMY column denotes bla CMY-2-positive (+) and bla CMY-2-negative (-) plasmids. The phenotype column describes the resistance phenotype of the donor strain and

the resistances transferred by the IncA/C plasmids (underlined). The abbreviations for the antibiotics are described in Methods. The estimated plasmid sizes are indicated in terms of bp. The next ten columns display the results of the PCR screening scheme (Additional file 1, Table S1, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Methods). Positive amplifications are designated by a plus symbol (+) and negative amplifications by a minus symbol (-). In the case of the IP-1 and floR columns, the + (-) code indicates that the Typhimurium donor strain was positive for the marker but that the E. coli transformants were negative. “”1 kb”" indicates an integron of around 1,000 bp amplified in pAR060302, as previously described by Call et al. selleck [6]. nd, not determined. Characterization of IncA/C plasmids based on the antibiotic resistance phenotype To isolate and characterize the IncA/C plasmids present in the Mexican ST213 genotype, E. coli TOP10 or DH5α transformants were obtained

using plasmid DNA isolated from 32 CMY+ and 13 CMY- strains. Ceftriaxone was used to select CMY+ plasmids, and chloramphenicol was used to select CMY- plasmids because this resistance has been found to be part of the IncA/C plasmid backbone [5, 6, 8]. All the transformants carrying the IncA/C plasmids also displayed resistance to ampicillin,

chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline. Resistance to gentamicin was conferred by most of the CMY+ plasmids, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol resistance was mostly detected in the plasmids containing PtdIns(3,4)P2 the IP-1 integron (dfrA12, orfF and aadA2; see below). Resistance to neither kanamycin nor nalidixic acid was transferred (Figure 2). These results indicate that the MDR phenotypes of ST213 strains can be explained largely by the presence of IncA/C plasmids. Pst I restriction fingerprints The plasmid profiles showed that all of the E. coli transformants carried one large plasmid of between 100 and 160 kb. These transformants were analyzed by Pst I restriction fingerprinting [12, 23]. Cluster analysis of the Pst I fingerprints showed two main plasmid types (similarity <50%), which we named type I and type II (Figure 2). All of the CMY+ plasmids were contained in type I and were distributed into three clusters (a, c and d). The CMY- plasmids were found in two distinct groups: one in type II and the other in cluster b within type I, suggesting that the CMY- plasmids originated from two divergent IncA/C plasmid types.