PCR assays were also performed using the genomic DNA of 47 pathogenic and 33 reference strains of S. suis serotypes (types

1–31, 33 and 1/2) as a template to test the distribution of the HP0272 gene with the following pair of primers: forward primer, 5′-GTTGGATCCGAATCGCTAGAAC-3′; reverse primer, 5′-TATCTCGAGACTTGCTTCGCCTGTAT-3′. Data were analysed using Student’s t-test; a value of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences. As shown in Fig. 1a, the purified recombinant HP0272 showed a protein band of approximately 130 kDa upon sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Although the Carfilzomib apparent sizes were greater than the theoretical sizes, the identity of purified recombinant HP0272 could be confirmed by MS. An analysis of the predicted HP0272 amino acid sequence revealed this website an LPNTG consensus motif typical of membrane-anchored surface proteins of many gram-positive bacteria at the C terminus and a putative signal-peptidase cleavage site between Ala44 and Glu45 (Fig. 1b). Two repeats of an

88 amino-acid sequence with a 28 amino-acid sequence overlap were detected within the carboxyl half of the protein (Fig. 1c). Furthermore, a conserved domain blast search identified a lipoprotein domain in the Thr500–Met655 region, which exhibited 36% similarity to the outer membrane lipoprotein A from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. To monitor the antigen-specific response provided by immunization with recombinant HP0272, humoral-mediated responses were evaluated in immunized mice. Antibody titres against recombinant HP0272 were determined in sera obtained from mice on the 10th day after the booster injection. Levels of specific IgG titres against recombinant HP0272 were significantly higher in the immunized group (P<0.001) than in the Rho negative control group (Fig. 2a). To reveal the type of immune response, the IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses were determined as surrogate markers to indicate T helper 1 (Th1) responses (IgG2a antibodies) and Th2 responses (IgG1 antibodies). Although the nature of these experiments did

not allow accurate quantification of different immunoglobulin subclasses, they did indicate that IgG1 responses predominated over IgG2a responses (Fig. 2b). Ten days after the booster immunization, all mice were challenged by with a lethal dose of 2 × 109 CFU of log-phase SS2 ZYS. In the four groups (Fig. 3), all of the mice in the blank group (group 4) and 62.5% in the negative control group (group 3) died, whereas 100% of mice from the recombinant HP0272 (group 1) and the positive control group (group 2) survived on day 1. The remaining three mice in the negative control group exhibited significant clinical signs (e.g. ruffled hair coat, slow response to stimuli), while mice in the recombinant HP0272 immunized group and the positive control group showed weaker clinical signs.