Our results showed that HO-1 is differently expressed

in various brain regions in db/db mice when compared to lean animals. Furthermore, Selleckchem MK 2206 silibinin provides DNA protection and reduces oxidative stress in a brain specific area, in part via the activation of the HO system. Silibinin may provide a valid tool to counteract oxidative stress in the diabetic status in the central nervous system under diabetic condition. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Gap formation and closure represent important disturbance events in forests, but the processes involved are still poorly understood. We use models, which we and others previously developed, to make long-term predictions of tropical forest gap dynamics based on Barro Colorado Island data. We first fit the models to the data by comparing their discrete Fourier transforms, and we propose a definition for the lifetime of a gap and predict a large-gap lifetime typically to be less than 50 years. We find that the gap lifetime diverges logarithmically for large-gap sizes. We examine the ‘memory’ of spatial gap patterns via spatiotemporal correlations and find a correlation time of about 160 years, suggesting that present gap patterns could have long-lasting A-1210477 purchase effects on forest spatial patterns. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The ability

to react fast and efficiently in threatening situations is paramount for the survival of organisms and has been decisive in our evolutionary history. Defense mechanisms in primates rely on the fast recognition of potential predators and facial expressions of conspecifics. The neural circuitry responsible for the detection of threat is generally thought to be centered on the amygdala. Although it is a pivotal structure in the processing of emotional stimuli, the amygdala Sunitinib research buy does not seem necessary for the early stages of this process. Here we show that bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the superior

colliculus in infant capuchins monkeys impaired the recognition of a rubber-snake in a threat-reward conflict task. Lesioned monkeys were uninhibited by a snake in a food-reward retrieval task. Lack of inhibition in the task was observed over the course of 15 weeks. The long lasting recognition impairment of a natural predator observed here is similar to the tameness aspects of Kluver Bucy syndrome, indicating an important role of this structure in threat recognition. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mate choice depends on mating preferences and on the manner in which mate-quality information is acquired and used to make decisions. We present a model that describes how these two components of mating decision interact with each other during a comparative evaluation of prospective mates.