It appears high time to analyze the enzymology of flavour formation in more depth in flavour formers. Prototypic work on heterofermentative Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus strains dealt with esterase and aminotransferase activities [6]. A genome-wide model of carbon and nitrogen flow in L. lactis coupled with the pathways resulting in flavour formation showed that a more systematic, pathway based approach is now possible, at least with fully sequenced prokaryotics [7]. Two applications of the newly gained metabolic knowledge can be envisaged: Deliberately shifted

flavour profiles of the classical products of the dairy industry, or a concerted over-production of a sought-after flavour chemicals. Similar work is going on with the more complex yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces. However, even with buy Enzalutamide state-of-the-art molecular biology tools for strain differentiation, micro-vinification experiments were required to correlate genetics with oenological Androgen Receptor activity inhibition traits [8]. The food industry inevitably produces huge volumes of side-streams, such as pomace, peels and husks which still contain flavour precursors. To consume a portion of a side-stream as a fermentation substrate and to produce a high-value flavour at the same time means to kill two birds with one stone. Along this current trend, a Brazilian

patent application described the conversion of cassava and malt bagasse to the fruity smelling volatile ethyl hexanoate by Neurospora sitophila [9]. Cassava wastewater served as the substrate to evaluate the production of 2-phenylethanol by Geotrichum fragrans, Kluyveromyces marxianus Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the Ehrlich pathway [10]. Likewise, higher fungi, such as Tyromyces chioneus, were grown on apple pomace, and potent odorants, such as 3-phenylpropanal, 3-phenyl-1-propanol, cinnamaldehyde and methyl cinnamate were identified. The resulting flavour mixtures showed pleasant fruity, flowery and cinnamon-like sensorial attributes suitable to flavour a new non-alcoholic fermented beverage [11••]. The

food industry is currently re-considering the traditional routes of flavour formation to create new opportunities using clean technologies 12 and 13. Particularly higher fungi possess large genomes and suggest themselves as suitable catalysts to generate a multitude of plant-like flavour compounds, as they are appreciated by the consumers ( Figure 1). Among the well amenable biotech-derived flavours are phenylpropanoids, esters and lactones, and terpenoids. Not only phenylpropanoids, but also some of their catabolic derivatives, such as anethole, isoeugenol, and isosafrole were found [14]. Isosafrole is itself precursor to piperonal, a constituent of composed vanilla flavours. Esters, such as 2-phenylethyl acetate, impart fruity notes to yeast cultures. The reaction using lipophilic Yarrowia yeast was optimized, and the cell wall specifically permeabilized [15].