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“In many systems, microtubules contribute spatial information to cell morphogenesis, for instance in cell migration and division. In rod-shaped fission yeast cells, microtubules control cell morphogenesis by transporting polarity factors, namely the Tea1-Tea4 complex, to cell tips. This complex then recruits the DYRK kinase Pom1 to cell ends. Interestingly, recent work has shown that these proteins also provide long-range spatial cues to position the division site in the middle of the cell and temporal signals to coordinate cell length

with the cell cycle. Here I review how these microtubule-associated proteins form polar morphogenesis CFTRinh-172 centers that control and integrate both spatial and

temporal aspects of cell morphogenesis.”
“Epidemiological SC79 supplier evidence suggests that maternal infection during pregnancy may be a risk factor for schizophrenia and autism. Altered expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) and reelin in the hippocampus has been reported in post-mortem studies of people with schizophrenia or autism. We used two mouse models of maternal inflammation, featuring either the viral RNA mimic, poly (I:C), or the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to compare effects of maternal inflammation on GAD67 and reelin expression in the hippocampal stratum oriens of juvenile mice. Pregnant Swiss-Webster mice were treated with poly (I:C) or LPS on gestational day 9. At postnatal days (PD) 14 and 28, brains from male and female offspring were processed immunohistochemically, and NeuN-, GAD67- and reelin-positive cells estimated using unbiased stereological cell counting methods. In offspring at PD14. GAD67 and reelin expression were unaffected by prenatal poly (I:C) or prenatal LPS treatment, although prenatal LPS mice showed increased neuronal (NeuN) density at this age.

However, at PD28, mice prenatally Fossariinae treated with poly (I:C) displayed a decreased number of reelin-positive cells in dorsal stratum oriens. Interestingly, at PD28, we also found increased GAD67 expression in the ventral stratum oriens in male mice prenatally treated with LPS, and in female mice prenatally treated with poly (I:C). Our findings describe sex-, age-, and immunogen-specific alterations in regional hippocampal GAD67 and reelin expression as a result of early maternal inflammation. These neurodevelopmental changes could have significant effects on GABAergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the development of novel biomarkers, the proteomic approach is advantageous because using it the cancer-associated proteins can be directly identified. We previously developed a 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl (NBS) method to improve quantitative proteome analysis.