e. drug free sport) cannot be accurately ascertained. Athletes are mainly thought to be vulnerable to doping in situations where much depends on sporting success [11]. However, the notion

find more of assisted performance enhancement is not confined within the boundaries of highly competitive sport. As a direct result of this demand, the number of Internet retailers and range of products has mushroomed over the years and is now causing great concerns for safety [12–14]. Experimenting with various supplements is natural to most athletes as it is evidenced by the significant proportion of athletes reporting regular use; in many cases, polypharmacy [15–19]. The use of prohibited performance enhancements is an unwanted extension of this avenue [20–22] on which athletes have been progressing for quite a long time. It has been https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html suggested that an effective and sustainable anti-doping approach may succeed if comparable acceptable means are offered along with the prohibition approach, intervening by changing outcome

expectancies pertaining to doping and non-prohibited alternatives [21]. In this paper we take the first step in exploring the viability of this ‘alternative means’ approach. When members of the exercise and athletic community decide which genre of supplements to use, they tend to make choices via

said expected outcomes. If the outcome is perceived to be positive then it increases the likelihood of following with action whereas if the outcome is perceived as negative, the likelihood of making that choice is reduced. Therefore the process of choice Sitaxentan involves weighing up positive outcome PRN1371 purchase perceptions against negative ones. Positive and negative outcomes can be direct, for example physical enhancements or detrimental effects; as well as indirect outcomes such as fame and fortune or damnation. Although social marketing, which uses commercial marketing techniques and strategies to influence people’s behaviour for a greater public good, is still in its relative infancy, it has been effective across a wide range of public health areas including healthy lifestyle and health promotion, nutritional habits, obesity, drug use, smoking, alcohol consumption, road safety: speeding and risk/drink driving, condom use and HIV [23–34]. A fairly recent assessment of social marketing in anti-doping campaigns has reported the absence of social marketing but expressed a view in which social marketing would enhance the current detection-sanction as well as educational approaches to drug free sport [35].