control (without TiO2 application), ordinary TiO2 (1.6 μ), nano TiO2 with each of six replicates. The TiO2 particles (10 ppm) were exposed by foliar application to avoid direct soil contact using a fine nebulizer (25 mL per pot). The concentration and amount of nanoparticle solution was optimized in a preliminary screening experiment (data not shown here). Plants were harvested after four weeks of foliar application to investigate

phenology and physiological state of plant. To analyze, shoots were cut at the soil surface and roots were carefully shaken to remove excess soil, and clumps of soil trapped between roots were removed, and number of nodules, root length, area and diameter were measured using Delta T Scan Software (Delta Scan, UK). To prepare the sample, roots were dipped in a methylene blue dye for 6 h while shoot length was measured on a meter scale. Biochemical parameter, dehydrogenase enzyme find more assay for microbial activity in rhizosphere was assessed www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html according to Tabatabai [16], and phosphorous mobilizing enzymes including acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was assessed according to Tabatabai and Bremner [17]. In addition to these parameter phytase [15], chlorophyll content [18], soluble leaf protein content [14] and [19] rhizospheric microbial populations

were also assayed. The characteristic of the experimental soils studied are presented in Table 1. The soil was alkaline in nature (pH 7.8) with low electrical conductivity (0.34 dS m−1), organic carbon (0.29%) and NPK contents. Isolated fungal strain was identified as A.flavus designated with laboratory strain TFR7 on the basis of 5.8S rDNA gene (Complex of -18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S) sequence similarity. The gene sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank and got accession no. of strain, JQ675308 which is available on NCBI the database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/383929211). The biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs was carried out by exposure of a precursor salt as bulk TiO2 solution of 10−3 M concentration to extracellular enzyme obtained by A. flavus TFR 7 in an aqueous solution. The reaction was carried out for 36 h. Synthesized nanoparticles were

characterized for morphological analyses. Particle size distribution was analyzed by DLS. Histogram shows average particle size (based on intensity distribution) ranges from 18 nm ( Fig. 1). The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.302 reflects monodisperse mafosfamide nature of the particle. Since DLS measure hydrodynamic diameter, so it was further confirmed with TEM analysis. TEM measurements showed well distribution of TiO2 NPs with the average size of 12–15 nm (Fig. 2). Difference in size measurement of TEM and DLS is due to hydrodynamic core that surrounds the particle when dispersed in solvent. The crystal and lattice structure of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs can be observed in HR-TEM micrograph (Fig. 3). The EDS spectrum (full scan mode) of drop coated TiO2 NPs shown in Fig. 4, confirms the purity of titanium metal.