Conclusion: Women are at an earlier stage in the tobacco epidemic than men for initiation and at a later stage for cessation and social inequalities are widening. We believe that they will not decrease unless gender and the psycho-social aspects of smoking are considered in prevention campaigns. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“It has been widely documented that maternal age in pregnancy is increasing in the world. Nowadays, many women delay their pregnancy even up to the 40th year of their life because of different reasons, such as occupational, educational and economical. Therefore, complete awareness of pregnancy outcomes in
these ages for the midwives and gynecologists is needed to protect the health of the mother and infant. This research, which is a descriptive comparative study, is performed to compare the pregnancy outcomes of women aged over 35 years. signaling pathway The inputs contained 1021 pregnant women, and their pregnancy outcomes were compared in 4 groups of primiparous and multiparous women over and below the age of 35. To analyze the inputs using learn more SPSS software, the chi(2) test, Fisher,
and Odss-ratio were used. In primiparous women, there is a statistically significant relation between the age of over 35 and preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, malpresentation, cesarean and low birth weight, while in multiparous women, there is a significant relation between the age BEZ235 of over 35 and preeclampsia and low birth weight. In the women of over 35 years old, parity is effective on the measure of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery, only. However,
the mother’s high age can be an independent factor for pregnancy outcomes, in that the primiparous women are exposed to more effectivity of age. It is a fact that the aged women can have a natural pregnancy with a term infant; as such, over-age must not be a contraindication for pregnancy.”
“Purpose of review
This review is focused on tracheobronchial anatomy and the use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in thoracic anesthesia.
Recent findings
A complete knowledge of tracheobronchial anatomy is a key factor in determining proper position of lung isolation devices, namely double-lumen endotracheal tubes and bronchial blockers. In addition, changes occur in tracheobronchial anatomy with age; therefore, it is very important that every anesthesiologist is familiar with these anatomical changes in order to recognize anatomical landmarks and perform a successful placement of lung isolation devices. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy must be considered an art in the practice of thoracic anesthesia.
Summary
Recognition of tracheobronchial anatomy and familiarity with the use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope are key components while managing patients undergoing thoracic surgery and anesthesia.