32 The diet in our studies provided 17% calories from fat, and this may have contributed to the eventual hepatic lipid accumulation in the C57Bl6J × 129Sv controls. Conversely, an age-dependent decrease in the abundance of FoxO1 protein was noted (Supporting Fig 3B),33 which could have led to a decreased expression of its target,

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and a reduced hepatic disposition of lipids.34 The generation of the Hint2−/− model has confirmed that Hint2 in the mitochondria of hepatocytes is required for fully competent Hadhsc and GDH enzyme activities. In the absence of Hint2, the acetylation pattern of multiple mitochondrial proteins is changed, hepatic steatosis is accelerated, and glucose tolerance BYL719 datasheet and mitochondrial respiration are affected. We thank Monika Ledermann and Jürg Müller for expert technical assistance. We thank GenOway for support in generating the Hint2+/+ and Hint2−/− mice. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Background and Aim:  Medical treatment of steroid-refractory

ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited to either cyclosporine or infliximab. Studies comparing cyclosporine with either placebo or intravenous methylprednisone showed promise for cyclosporine, but associated it with significant toxicity. There is conflicting, but increasingly positive evidence for using infliximab. There are no studies directly comparing these two treatments. Our aim was BAY 80-6946 molecular weight to compare the

outcomes of patients with steroid-refractory UC treated with either intravenous cyclosporine or infliximab. Methods:  We carried out a retrospective review of inpatients with steroid-refractory UC, treated with either intravenous cyclosporine or infliximab, at Waitemata District Health Board, between January 2001 and February 2010. The primary end-points were time to colectomy, and colectomy rates at 3 and 12 months. Secondary end-points were time to discharge from initiation of treatment, steroid dependence at 12 months, and reported adverse events. Results:  The total study population was 38, with 19 in the infliximab group. Follow up to 12 months was complete in all patients. At 3 months, the colectomy rate was 63% for cyclosporine, compared to 21% (P = 0.0094). By 12 months check details the rate was 68% and 37% for cyclosporine and infliximab, respectively (P = 0.06). Patients in the cyclosporine group required an additional 5 days in hospital (P = 0.0086). Steroid dependence at 12 months was 50% for cyclosporine versus 25% for infliximab (P = 0.36). Cyclosporine caused more adverse events (P = 0.17). Conclusions:  Infliximab improved clinical outcomes compared to the previous use of intravenous cyclosporine in patients admitted with steroid-refractory acute severe UC. “
“The global prevalence of obesity-induced liver disease (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAFLD) is rising.