, 2009). However, these applications are commonly used in eukaryotic systems for identification of exon domains, and have not been ported to microbial systems. There is currently no direct need for PET applications in microbial transcriptome sequencing. The Roche 454 sequencing technology is based on pyrosequencing in microreactors on a picotiter plate (Margulies et al., 2005), and its strongest features are the generation

of long sequence reads and the relative speed of the sequencing run (measured in hours). Its disadvantages lie in the smaller amount of data generated (approximately 0.25–1 Gbp http://www.selleckchem.com/products/atezolizumab.html sequence information per plate using the 454 GS FLX and Titanium systems) and hence the relatively high cost, and its difficulty in handling homopolymeric DNA sequences. The Illumina GA technology is based on adapter ligation, followed by anchoring to a prepared substrate, followed by local in situ PCR amplification and sequencing using fluorophore-labelled chain terminators (Bennett et al., 2005). Sequences obtained by Illumina sequencing are usually 35–75-nt long, but advances in the technology

are expected to result in longer readlengths (up to 125 nt) soon. Advantages of the Illumina technique are the large amounts generated (5–10 Gbp total per run), its sequencing accuracy and the relatively low price per Gbp. However, runtimes are measured in days, and increasing the readlength will increase runtimes significantly, Alectinib and the images require very large storage space. Because shorter reads may be more difficult to accurately map on genomes (especially those with repeated sequences), operators will have to select the right balance between read length and running time/cost. Finally, the ABI SOLiD technology uses amplified DNA on beads, which are bound to glass slides. The amplified DNA is sequentially hybridized with short defined oligonucleotides, which contain known 3′ dinucleotides and a specific 5′ fluorophore. The oligonucleotide complementary to the template at

its 3′ dinucleotide is ligated to the 5′ end of the 5′-elongating complementary strand, and after fluorophore identification, the 5′ remainder of the oligonucleotide is cleaved to prepare for the next cycle of oligonucleotide annealing and ligation. Repeated cycles Org 27569 of DNA synthesis and melting allow for colour-recognition of each base in the DNA sequence (Shendure et al., 2005). The SOLiD technology generates reads of 35–50 nucleotides. The advantages are the high fidelity of the sequences obtained, which makes the technology excellently suited for SNP analysis, and the generation of large datasets (6–15 Gbp total per run). The disadvantages are similar to those of Illumina sequencing. It needs to be noted that the RNA-seq technology needs the availability of a reference genome sequence, similar to microarray technology.