1 ± 0 0 0 3 ± 0 0 0 0 ± 0 0 0 0 ± 0 0 0 0 ± 0 0 0 0 ± 0 0   VFA 6

1 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0   VFA 6.5 ± 0.1 MCC950 mw 7.5 ± 0.1 4.5 ± 1.3 4.8 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 1.3 8.1 ± 1.4   VF 5.5 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.2 4.2 ± 0.2 6.6 ± 0.4 6.5 ± 0.9 8.0 ± 2.6 LA2                 V 0.8 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0   VFA 10.2 ± 0.1 15.8 ± 0.1 14.4 ± 0.6 28.5 ± 1.3 5.6 ± 0.2 11.1 ± 0.8   VF 11.2 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.3 14.0 ± 0.4 19.1 ± 0.1 5.4 ± 0.3 13.5 ± 0.8 LB1                 V 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0   VFA 0.8 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.5 8.7 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.5 12.0 ± 1.7   VF 0.7 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.7 6.5 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.6 12.4 ± 0.2 LB2                 V 0.3 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0   VFA 7.3 ± 0.1 16.6 ± 2.1 2.5 ± 2.8 7.5 ± 8.9 3.6 ± 4.1 20.7 ± 11.7   VF 7.1 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 1.5 12.5 ± 0.9 3.9 ± 4.0 13.8 ± 9.0 V, Viruses+Bacteria treatments; VFA, Viruses+Bacteria+Flagellates+Autotrophs treatments;

Anlotinib VF, Viruses+Bacteria+Flagellates treatments. Figure 1 Time-course of viral abundance (10 7 virus ml -1 ) and bacterial abundance (10 6 cell ml -1 ) in the four experiments during the incubation period. Values are given as mean ± this website standard deviation of triplicate incubations. Asterisks indicate sampling time point for which the VFA and VF treatments were not significantly different

from the V treatment (ANOVA, P > 0.05, n = 9). Note that the panels have different scales. LA1, LA2, LB1, LB2: abbreviations as in Table 1. Effect of treatments on viral abundance and production Etofibrate Viral abundance only varied by a small degree (between 2.9 × 107 and 4.6 × 107 virus ml-1) in Lake Annecy, while it varied greatly in Lake Bourget particularly during the LB2 experiment (Figure 1). In both LA1 and LA2 experiments, the temporal trend of viral abundance revealed different patterns according to the treatment: viral abundance increased in VF and V treatment, while in the VFA treatment no significant evolution (ANOVA, P > 0.05, n = 9) was recorded (Figure 1). In Lake Bourget, viral abundance increased during the four days of incubation in all treatments, except in treatment V of the LB1 experiment. At the end of incubation, the increase in viral abundance in VF and VFA was significantly higher than in treatment V (ANOVA, P < 0.01, n = 9) in LA1 (+39% and +16%, respectively), LB1 (+34% and +27%, respectively) and LB2 (+47% and +61%, respectively) (Figure 2D).

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