Secreted Dickkopf proteins bind to low density lipoprotein receptor related proteins (LRPs), which are accessory subunits for Frizzled receptors, thereby inhibiting Wnt signaling. We show that RIG-3 inhibits CAM-1, a receptor mediating noncanonical Wnt signaling. These results suggest that different inhibitors are utilized to inhibit canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways. Prior studies focused primarily on the developmental effects of Wnt antagonists. Our results suggest

that RIG-3 (and potentially other Wnt antagonists) could also regulate activity-induced synaptic plasticity in mature animals. Like Wnts, several other secreted morphogens have also been implicated in regulating synaptic function, including IGFs, BMPs, and EGF related ligands (Chiu and www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html Cline, 2010, Keshishian and Kim, 2004 and Mei and Xiong, 2008). Antagonists have been identified for each of these morphogens (Fernández-Gamba et al., 2009, Ghiglione et al., 1999, Schweitzer et al., 1995 and Smith, 1999). It will be interesting to see if other morphogen antagonists also act as antiplasticity molecules. C. elegans has been extensively utilized as a model to study synapse development and function. One limitation of this model has been the absence of a paradigm for studying synaptic plasticity. Our analysis of rig-3 mutants identified a Ku-0059436 cost form of postsynaptic potentiation

whereby a brief treatment with aldicarb induces an increased abundance of postsynaptic ACR-16 receptors and a corresponding increase in postsynaptic currents. By contrast, none of these effects were observed after aldicarb treatment of wild-type controls. Collectively, these results demonstrate that inactivation of RIG-3 reveals a form of plasticity whereby the activity-dependent delivery of ACR-16 receptors to synapses is enhanced. Analysis of vertebrate synapses has shown that receptors mediating

postsynaptic responses are supplied by a mobile pool of receptors in the plasma membrane that are retained at synapses by diffusional trapping (Opazo and Choquet, 2011). We propose that RIG-3 regulates synaptic delivery of ACR-16 by an analogous mechanism. C. elegans Calpain NMJs are formed in the dorsal and ventral nerve cords by en passant contacts between motor neuron axons and processes extending from body muscles (which are termed muscle arms). In rig-3 mutants, aldicarb treatment increases the mobile fraction of GFP-tagged ACR-16 receptors in the nerve cord. These mobile ACR-16 receptors are likely in the plasma membrane of muscle arms, as receptors residing in intracellular organelles are typically immobile ( Tardin et al., 2003). An increased number of mobile ACR-16 receptors available for diffusional trapping would be expected to cause a corresponding increase in synaptic ACR-16 receptors ( Opazo and Choquet, 2011). Although RIG-3 regulates postsynaptic receptor trafficking, RIG-3 functions in the presynaptic membrane.