One crucial prerequisite for early intervention is the development of biomarkers that allow the identification of at-risk

individuals prior to the outbreak of the full syndrome. However, search for biomarkers has so far focused mainly on anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging. These methods should be complemented by techniques capturing the fast dynamics of large-scale cortical networks since measures of temporal coordination may be better suited to detect early abnormalities in the development of global brain dynamics. Finally, one might conceive of interventions that modulate brain dynamics by biofeedback and electrical stimulation. There is increasing evidence that transcranial magnetic and transcranial direct current stimulation Trametinib manufacturer (TMS/tDCS) can be applied as tools to modulate neuronal oscillations and large-scale synchrony in a frequency specific way. Polanía et al. (2012) showed that tDCS at theta frequency can facilitate frontoparietal synchrony and Vaadia (2012, personal communication) showed that monkeys can be trained to selectively enhance gamma-band oscillation in the motor cortex if they are rewarded for power increases of local-field potential oscillations recorded from motor cortex. The potential of these novel approaches for the remediation of cognitive deficits needs to be investigated further. We have focused in this review on schizophrenia and ASD, but it is

likely that alteration see more GW786034 cost in brain dynamics play an important role also in other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), AD, multiple sclerosis, and certain affective disorders. Impaired neural synchrony has been demonstrated in some of these syndromes, suggesting the possibility that deficits in large-scale coordination may be causally related to the cognitive and executive deficits associated with these disorders.

Notwithstanding the conceptual and methodological challenges, we believe that neural oscillations and their synchronization are valid markers of large-scale coordination of distributed brain functions and therefore ideally suited for a translational paradigm aimed at deciphering the causes of brain disorders. As we have pointed out previously, the conditio sine qua non for a successful translation of data obtained from basic research to clinical observations is the appropriate lingua franca, i.e., a language shared between different disciplines. Synchrony parameters can readily be quantified and standardized in electrophysiological recordings from animal models, healthy human subjects, and patients, allowing for a fruitful integration of basic and clinical research and for the testing of specific hypotheses. The extension of translational paradigms to the analysis of the dynamics of large-scale cortical networks will probably advance our understanding of the origins of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, which remain a daunting challenge for science and society.