13 Height was determined using a wall-fixed measuring device, and body mass using a calibrated scale, and from these BMI, which is expressed as (weight (kg)/height2(m2)), was calculated. Body composition was assessed using

a bioelectrical impedance analysis device (Inbody 720; Biospace Co. this website Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Inbody is a multifrequency impedance plethysmograph body composition analyzer, which takes readings from the body using an 8-point tactile electrode method. It measures the resistance at five specific frequencies (1 kHz, 50 kHz, 250 kHz, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz) and reactance at three specific frequencies (5 kHz, 50 kHz, and 250 kHz). Total body water (TBW) was estimated from area,

volume, length, impedance, and a constant proportion (specific resistivity). Fat free mass (FFM) was estimated by dividing TBW by 0.73, and the fat mass (FM) was calculated by subtracting the FFM from the body weight. Precision of the repeated measurements of FM expressed as coefficient of variation was on average 0.6%. Subjects were measured in the morning after 12-h fasting. Before the measurement, subjects were asked to excrete and refrain from drinking excessive amounts of water. Venous blood samples for biochemical analyses were taken in standardized fasting conditions in the mornings between 7:00 am and 9:00 am before and after intervention. Serum samples were stored frozen at −80 °C until analyzed. Serum concentrations of glucose, total and HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were analyzed using the KONELAB 20XTi analyzer (Thermo Akt inhibitor Fischer Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation.14 Serum fasting insulin concentrations were analyzed using the IMMULITE 1000 analyzer (Siemens Healthcare diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated as (fasting insulin concentration × fasting glucose concentration)/22.5.15 Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA (DuoSet®; R&D Systems,

Minneapolis, MN, USA). The interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations were measured from the serum samples using Cytokine Bead Array (CBA) Flex Sets kit (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) and a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The data were analyzed by using FCAP Array software (BD Biosciences). All measurements were performed after 12 h fasting at baseline and 7 days after the last training session to minimize any acute effects of exercise. All serum samples were analyzed using a high-throughput serum NMR metabonomics platform; the experimental protocols including sample preparation and NMR spectroscopy have been described in detail elsewhere.