0. One cohort of each cell type was seeded onto NGM plates Adriamycin containing 12 μg/mL tetracycline. Another cohort of GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK at an optical density of 6.0 (A600) cells were combined at equal volumes, mixed well and seeded onto NGM plates containing 12 μg/mL tetracycline. Wild-type worms were hypochlorite lysed, transferred to

NGM plates and fed OP50 as hatchlings. The L4 larvae were transferred as described above onto plates bearing one of three diets: GD1:pAHG cells only, GD1:pBSK cells only or an equal mix of GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK cells. Adult life span determinations were performed as described above. Measurement of D-lactic acid OP50, GD1, GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK cells were grown overnight as described above. The cells were pelleted, the spent media was removed and saved on ice. Levels of D-lactic acid in the spent media were assayed using the Enzychrom D-lactate Assay Kit (BioAssay System Co., Hayward, CA), per the manufacturer’s instructions with an uQuant plate reader at 560 nm (Bio-Tec Instruments Inc., VT). The GD1 and GD1:pBSK spent media were diluted

1:10 with LB. One-way ANOVA analyses were performed with StatView 5.0.1 (SAS, CA) software at a significance level of 0.05, comparing all groups to D-lactic acid levels in OP50 Selleck PU-H71 spent media. E. coli growth determination OP50:pFVP25.1, GD1:pFVP25.1, the ATP synthase deficient E. coli strain AN120:pFVP25.1 and its parent strain AN180:pFVP25.1 were grown overnight in LB media containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Optical densities were adjusted to 0.1 with LB media, and antibiotic was added for each strain. acetylcholine Bacteria were grown (37°C, 250 rpm) and the cell density was monitored over time by monitoring absorbance at 600 nm with a Shimadzu UV-160 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, El Cajon, CA). One-way ANOVA analyses were performed with StatView 5.0.1 (SAS, CA) software at a significance level of 0.05, comparing optical density (A600 nm) of all groups versus OP50. E. coli

growth determination in spent media GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK cells were cultured overnight as described above. The cells were pelleted and the spent media saved on ice. The GD1:pAHG cells were diluted to an optical density of 0.1 in either LB media, spent media from GD1:pBSK cultures, or spent media from GD1:pAHG cultures. Absorbance (600 nm) was determined after 23 h of incubation. One-way ANOVA analyses were performed with StatView 5.0.1 (SAS, CA) software at a significance level of 0.05. Determination of E. coli cell size OP50 and GD1 cells were grown as described above. Cells were placed onto glass TSA HDAC purchase slides and briefly heat fixed. The cells were DIC-imaged and photographed with a Deltavision Spectris Deconvolution Microscope system (Applied Precision). Linear measurements of cells were determined with the linear measurement tool. Fifteen cells per condition were measured.