Secondary outcomes included HBV serologic and virologic responses. HBsAg seroclearance was defined as undetectable serum HBsAg level (ARCHITECT HBsAg; Abbott Diagnostics Division, Wiesbaden, Germany [sensitivity: 0.05 IU/mL]) at last visit. HBV DNA reappearance was defined by any serum HBV DNA ≥200 IU/mL during treatment or follow-up in patients with baseline serum HBV DNA <200 IU/mL. HBV virologic response was defined by serum HBV DNA <200 IU/mL at last visit in those patients with baseline serum HBV DNA ≥200 IU/mL. Patients were followed for up to 5 years after AMPK inhibitor the end of the treatment period,

including 24 weeks posttreatment follow-up in the original study and an additional 4.5 years follow-up in this study. Clinical assessments were performed at 24 weeks and at years 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 during the posttreatment follow-up period.

At each visit, blood cell counts, liver function test, serum HCV RNA level, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed for all patients. Serum HBsAg level and HBV DNA level were also determined Ruxolitinib molecular weight at these scheduled visits in coinfected patients. Any intervening or significant clinical events related to chronic hepatitis C or B were documented. Pretreatment HBsAg and anti-HCV were tested with commercial kits at each study site. Antibody against hepatitis D virus was screened with a commercial kit in a central laboratory (Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital). Serum HBsAg level at each visit of the follow-up study was also measured in the central laboratory using a standard quantitative Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (ARCHITECT HBsAg; Abbott Diagnostics Division). Serum HCV RNA level and HBV DNA level were determined in a central laboratory (Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital) via commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction assays (COBAS TaqMan HCV Test version 2.0 and HBV Test [lower detection of limit: 6 IU/mL], Roche Diagnostics, respectively). The follow-up

protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at each medical center. The study was conducted according medchemexpress to the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Patients were enrolled in the LTFU study after they gave written informed consent. All categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, and Student t test with equal or unequal variance, respectively, whenever appropriate. The person-years were calculated from the start of combination therapy to the dates of death, the dates of initiation of further antiviral therapy (for HCV or for HBV) during follow-up, the dates of lost to follow-up, or the dates of completing last follow-up, whichever came first.