Somatostatin infusion was superior to placebo, and comparable to intramuscular ergotamine, in relieving CH pain. Matharu et al evaluated the efficacy of octreotide, a somatostatin analog that can be given subcutaneously, for acute CH.30 Octreotide 100 µg was significantly superior to placebo with regard to headache response

rates (52% vs 36%). An important advantage of these drugs is their lack of vasoconstrictive effect, making them a viable treatment option for patients who cannot use triptans because of vascular diseases. In summary, injectable sumatriptan and inhaled oxygen are both LY2835219 manufacturer a first-line therapy for acute CH. The decision on which of these options to learn more use should be made after considering the patient’s medical comorbidities and personal preference. In patients who do not respond well to these treatments (or in those who cannot use triptans), somatostatin or its analogs appear to be a promising therapeutic option. Intranasal lidocaine may be tried as adjunctive therapy in refractory patients. There are little data with regard to clinical parameters that may predict response to the various acute CH treatments. In a prospective study of 246 CH patients, older age was a predictor for decreased response to triptans, whereas nausea, vomiting, and

restlessness predicted decreased response to oxygen.31 As opposed to migraine, there are few known triggers to the acute CH attack, most notable of which is alcohol. Patients should be advised to avoid alcoholic beverages during a cluster period (or, in the case of CCH, to avoid it altogether). Prophylactic therapy for CH is divided into maintenance prophylaxis and transitional prophylaxis. Maintenance prophylactic therapies are used throughout the entire course of the cluster period with the intent Urease of reducing the frequency and severity of cluster attacks. When treating ECH, maintenance prophylactics are generally discontinued

after resolution of the cluster period and then restarted at the onset of the next cluster period. Although maintenance prophylaxis monotherapy is optimal, some patients will require a combination of maintenance medications for adequate control of CH. However, care must be taken to avoid potentially negative drug interactions. Transitional prophylactics are administered for short durations as adjunctive therapies to maintenance prophylactics in an attempt to abort the cluster period or to further reduce the frequency and severity of cluster attacks. They are often begun simultaneously with initiation of maintenance prophylaxis because they tend to work more quickly and thus provide control of CH until the maintenance therapy has time to take effect. First-Line Therapy.— Verapamil, a calcium-channel blocker, is the first-line maintenance prophylactic medication for CH.