For example, mucocutaneous bleeding disorders without a clear aetiology may represent a complex trait with environmental and genetic influences. The genetic component may be determined by the additive effect of many genes with modest-to-moderate effect for each. In general, the genetic analysis of these complex traits has proven to be highly

challenging. Association and linkage studies have been very successful for single gene conditions but their characterization in complex disorders has had limited success. For reasons of the mix of multiple genetic and environmental Dabrafenib manufacturer contributing factors, large families or populations are needed to identify genes of even modest impact. While linkage studies focus on shared chromosomal segments among affected individuals that are closely related, PD-0332991 chemical structure association studies typically compare the frequency of a specific genetic variant in affected individuals to unaffected controls. This can be performed with known functional variants

or with markers that are closely positioned to the causative allele [utilizing a phenomenon known as linkage disequilibrium (LD)] [13]. Association studies are known to provide greater statistical power than linkage studies for complex disorders. However, the traditional case-control approach is limited by the low number of candidate genes available, and also by the lack of replication in subsequent independent studies [14]. The availability of high-density SNPs maps now allows investigators to perform the search of gene variants involved oxyclozanide in disease through whole genome association. This particular approach has sparked a large number of GWAS. These kinds of studies are somewhat limited by their substantial cost. However, the fast decrease in cost of SNP genotyping has made them much more attainable in recent years [15–17]. A significant weakness in current genetic investigations of haemostasis and its complications represented by bleeding or

thrombosis is their dependence on a candidate gene approach. A comprehensive genome-wide search is the only way to identify those genes that would not be suspected based on our current understanding of haemostasis. This non-biased approach should focus on the identification of common variants contributing to the variability of the bleeding phenotype. A disease that has been proposed as a model of a complex bleeding disorder is VWD type 1, which is characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The extent of clinical bleeding in patients with VWD type 1 does not always correlate with VWF levels. Patients with mild or moderate deficiencies may show considerable variation in bleeding tendency even within the same family. Conversely, mild bleeding and bruising are common in the general population without an identifiable bleeding disorder and some symptoms may overlap between bleeders and healthy controls [18].